The limes will redden and the oaks embrown; A touch eludes our ken. The beechen tops forth, The Sun will rise and heal them with a NATURAL HISTORY STUDIES. Life in the Sea.—In the report of a lecture by Professor Verrill, we find some curious facts about the sea. The professor tells us the quantity of light at the bottom is a subject of much dispute. digests the meat, and spits out the rest. Crabs crack the shells and suck out the meat. In that way come whole mounds of shells that are dredged up. Not a fish-bone is ever dredged up. A piece of wood may be dredged. up once a year, but it is honey-combed by the boring shell-fish, and falls to pieces at the touch of the hand. This shows what destruction is constantly going on in those depths. If a ship sinks at sea with all on board, it would be eaten by fish with the exception of the metal, and that would corrode and disappear. Not a bone of human body would remain after a few days. It is a constant display of the law of the survival of the fittest. Nothing made by the hand of man was dredged up after cruising for months in the track of ocean vessels excepting coal clinkers shoved overboard from steamships, and an India-rubber doll, which was brought up twenty-five miles from land. These are things the fish cannot eat." Coffee Culture.-Statistics prove that the coffee plant will bear climatic extremes, and that it will thrive in localities differing as much as 20° to 30° in average temperature. It flourishes best on uplands and mountainsides, from 1,500 feet to 4,500 feet above the sea level, and in the tropical belt between the 25th degree north and the 30th degree south of the equator. Brazil boasts sixteen species of the plant growing wild. But coffee, as an article of commerce, only began to be known in Brazil in 1722. By the year 1780 that country exported 14,000,000 pounds, though Cuba at that period was shipping 25,000,000 pounds. Toward the end of the last century, however, large sugar and other estates in Brazil were converted into coffee reached 27,985 tons; in 1840, 48,432 tons; plantations, and in 1830 the exportation in 1850, 98,907 tons, and in 1860, 143,671 tons. Subsequently there was some diminution in the returns. Coffee has now begun "Animals dredged from below seven hundred fathoms either have no eyes, or faint indications of them, or else their eyes are very large and protruding. Another strange thing is that, if the creatures in those lower depths have any color, it is of orange or red, or reddish-orange. Sea anemones, corals, shrimp, and crabs have this brilliant color. Some-State on the Pacific coast. A line drawn and crabs have this brilliant color. Some to be largely cultivated in Colima, a small times it is pure red or scarlet, and in many from the port of Vera Cruz to the port of specimens it inclines toward purple. Not a Manzanillo would bisect Colima, and the green or blue fish is found. The orange red coffee grown in this district has the repuis the fish's protection; for the bluish-green tation of being remarkably good. Cordova light in the bottom of the ocean makes the and Orizaba coffee is equal to that of Cuba, orange or red fish appear of a neutral tint, but the Colima is said to be superior even to and hides it from its enemies. Many animals are black, others neutral in color. Some fish the favorite Mocha. In Mexico, coffee culare provided with boring tails, so that they ture is making great progress, and is destined hereafter to be one of the main exports of can burrow in the mud. Finally, the surface hereafter to be one of the main exports of of the submarine mountain is covered with that country.- Grocers' Price Current. shells, like an ordinary sea beach, showing that it is the eating-house of vast schools of carnivorous animals. A codfish takes a whole oyster into its mouth, cracks the shell, "THOUGH the Scriptures are a great blessing to us, they are not so much so as the Word or Spirit from whence they proceed." ITEMS. STEAMERS Which left Liverpool on the 19th inst. for the United States and Canada carried nearly 3,000 emigrants. THE Electrician says that 130 villages have been brought within speaking distance of Cincinnati by the telephone. ONE day last week twenty-six hundred German immigrants were landed in Baltimore, and most of them took trains for the West. THE Swedish Government grants $300 to an entomologist this year, his duty being to advise farmers on the most certain method of destroy ing insects which damage their crops. THERE passed through the Custom-house of Galveston, Texas, last week $36,000 in Mexican nickels, coined in the City of Mexico, and intended for general circulation in the State of Chihuahua. Ir is now proposed to make nails from Bes semer steel. It is claimed that when made at half the weight of iron, the nail is stiff enough to be driven into the hardest wood, and tough enough to clinch. SNAKES are still regarded with such veneration in the northwestern provinces of India that the natives refuse to kill them on religious grounds, although last year no fewer than 4,723 persons died in that distriet alone from snake poison. แ QUARTERLY MEETINGS, ETC. 10 A.M. Six thousand baby aligators are sold in Flo- Fifth mo. 1, Concord, at Wilmington, Del rida every year, and the amount of ivory, number of skins, and quantity of oil obtained from the older members of the Saurian family are sufficient to entitle them to a high place among the products of the State. THE number of business failures in the United States during the last three months was 2,806, against 2,127 during the corresponding period of last year. The liabilities for the last three months were $37,000,000, against $33,000,000 for the corresponding period of 1852. THE Constantinople correspondent of the New York Tribune, in a recent letter from that place, gives a very interesting statement of the way that the tin cases in which American petroleum is sent to Oriental countries enter into use in Turkey. He says: American petroleum lights up Turkey. It is carried to all parts of the country in such quantities that the tin boxes in which it comes figure for an important item in the material used by tinners, besides serving families and tribes with waterbuckets, soup-kettles and ash-paus. American petroleum furnishes the great chandeliers of palaces and the hut of the nomad, where it has entirely dispossessed castor oil as an illuminating agent, and where it is burned in classic lamps-an open saucer with a wick at one side. NOTICES. Circular Meeting at Whitemarsh, on Firstday, Fourth mo. 29th, 1883, at 3 P. M. Friends in city and along the line of North Pennsylvania Railroad, take cars at Third and Berks streets at 1.15 P. M. for Fort Washington. Return 6.25 and 6.52 from Fort Washington. " 2, Purchase, Amawalk, N. Y 11 A.M. 2, Farmington, Mendon, N. Y 11 A.M. 8, Philadelphia, Race St,, 10 A.M 8, Nine Partners, Poughkeepsi N. Y., 11 A. M. 10, Abington, Horsham, Pa., A. M. 10, Shrewsbury & Rahway, Shrew bury, N. J., 11 A. M. 1 11, Stanford Creek, N. Y., 11 A. M 12, Miami, Waynesville, O., 11 A.M 12, Salem, West O., 11 A. M. 12, Philad'a Select Yearly Meeting 10 A. M. 13, Children's Annual Meeting, Rac Street, 3 P. M. 14, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting 16, Easton and Saratoga Quarterl 19, Short Creek, Mount Pleasan Ohio, 11 A. M. 21, Fairfax, Hopewell, Va. แ 24, Duanesburg, Coeymans, N. Y. 23, Stillwater, Somerset, O., 11 A.M 26, Blue River, Blue River, Ind. 26, New York Select Yearly Meeting 28, แ Yearly Meeting, Fi teenth Street, 10 A. M. 28, Warrington Quarterly Meeting Pipe Creek, Md., 10 A. M. 29, Burlington, Crosswicks, N. J FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER. "TAKE FAST HOLD OF INSTRUCTION; LET HER NOT GO; KEEP HER; FOR SHE IS THY LIFE. It is desirable that all subscriptions should commence at the English Public Schools, beginning of the volume. REMITTANCES by mail should be in CHECKS, DRAFTS, or P. O. MONEY-ORDERS; the latter preferred. MONEY sent by mail will be at the risk of the person so sending. AGENTS:-Edwin Blackburn, Baltimore, Md. Joseph S. Cohu, New York. Benj. Strattan, Richmond, Ind. Entered at the Post-Office at Philadelphia, Penna. as second-class matter For Friends' Intelligencer. SAMUEL BOWNAS. (Continued from page 164.) The journey to America was not undertaken until Third month, 1702, owing to the embargo laid upon shipping by the breaking out of war with France. Samuel Bownas put in the time in visiting some parts of the west of England in company with Stephen Crisp, whom he speaks of as college bred, but meek, spiritual and rightly convinced. On the 24th of Third month Samuel (for whom no suitable travelling companion had been found) sailed from England, and in a little over nine weeks, landed on the shores of the Pawtuxent river in the province of Maryland. The first meeting that he mentions was held at Chester, in the woods, some distance from any house. George Keith was in the neighborhood, and was very unfriendly to him, using his utmost endeavors to prevent the people from attending Samuel's meetings. By reference to Michener's" Portraiture of Quakerism" I find there was a meeting at Chester, Maryland, as early as 1698, in which year a Monthly Meeting, composed of Chester and Cecil Meetings, was established. The Preparative meeting at Chester was laid down in 1840, and the members joined to Cecil. After a few weeks spent with the Friends of that part of Maryland, a guide was fur Intelligent Use of Time, 177 180 180 183 184 186 186 186 188 189 190 190 191 192 192 nished Samuel, and they started northward, stopping for entertainment at a community of Labadeists, whose peculiarities are briefly noted by him. The family numbered more than one hundred men, women, and children. The men and women lived in separate houses, but had all things in common. The manufacturing of linen was carried on, in addition to farming. But he writes "at my last going there they were all scattered and gone, and nothing remained of a religious community in that shape." Arriving at Philadelphia, he was seized with fever and ague, which lasted for thirteen weeks. The Yearly Meeting was held during the time, but owing to the disease he was only able to attend one meeting. After his recovery he crossed into "the Jerseys," where he encountered George Keith again. After attending a Yearly Meeting at Shrewsbury, Samuel held a meeting at Woodbridge, and passed from there to Long Island, being closely followed by George Keith. At Hempstead a meeting was appointed for Samuel, and either by accident or design, George Keith held a meeting at the same time and place, and there was a very large gathering. Samuel relates that he, "being young, with a strong voice," was plainly heard by the people of Keith's meeting, so that they came over to the barn where he was preaching, which was large enough to hold both congregations. No one remained with Keith except William Bradford, who came at last, and with pen and ink began to take notes, writing a few lines at a time, and then trying to stare Samuel out of countenance. "But this," writes our friend, was past his skill, for I felt both inward and outward strength, and divine power to fill my heart, and my face was like brass, to all opposition. After Samuel had finished his sermon Bradford stood up and queried of him if he "would stand by the doctrines he had preached, in public dispute?" He was requested to "be quiet" and an answer would be given at the close of the meeting. Samuel declined a public discussion, it being concluded needless, as the same points had been argued over and over again by the press, and as William Bradford's questions were more for contention than edification, he did not feel obliged to answer them." Samuel added some good advice as to his "contentions and disorderly walking," which had obliged Friends to disown him. He turned away very angry, and said he "should hear of it in another way." He joined Keith again, and the two trumped up from the notes Bradford had taken, a list of charges against Samuel Bownas, which laid the foundation for a prosecution, and a warrant was issued charging the high-sheriff of Queen's County" to attach the body of Samuel Bowne, a Quaker," and bring him before the Court, to answer such matters of misdemeanor as shall, on her Majesty's behalf be objected against him." Many "substantial people," not in profession with Friends, urged Samuel to leave the county, but "that he could not do." A few days after, while he was attending the Half-Yearly Meeting at Flushing, the high sheriff, with a large company, bearing swords, clubs, halberds, and pitchforks, presented themselves at the meeting house. The sheriff, entering, walked up into the gallery, and taking Samuel by the hand, said, "You are my prisoner." On being asked, "By what authority?" he handed Samuel the warrant for the arrest, who told him the warrant was to take up Samuel Bowne, and that was not his name, but the name of the Friend who was standing near. The sheriff replied, "they knew that Friend, and he was not the man they wanted," adding, "pray, then, what is your name?" "That," responded Samuel, "is a question that requires consideration, whether proper to answer or not, for no man is bound to answer to his own prejudice; the law forces none to accuse himself." It not being deemed proper to discourse in the meeting house, Samuel and several of the others followed the sheriff out, and he being a very moderate man," was easily persuaded to stay the proceedings until the meeting was ended, when they could consider what was best to be done. It being settled the sheriff returned with them, and his company, stacking their arms outside, entered the house, and all remained until the close. "The meeting," Samuel adds, "was silent a considerable time, but finding the word like a fire, I could no longer contain, and standing up, had a very agreeable service to myself, my friends, and to the rest of the company. After the meeting had ended so satisfactorily to all, it was not difficult to prevail upon the sheriff to allow Samuel to remain until the close of the Half-Yearly Meeting. When the time for his appearance before the Justices of the Peace arrived, many Friends and a great company of other people assembled, but the Justices went into a room so small that they were deprived of hearing his examination. The account of this trial is most graphically given by Samuel, the prejudice of the Justices, only one of whom seems to have been worthy of the title, and the interest taken in his case by the more moderate of the people are well set forth. When the clerk announced the decision of the justices that Samuel should enter into two thousand pounds bail, or be committed to the common gaol, he in one thousand, and his friends the other, the justice before-mentioned queried if the sum was too large? Samuel replied, "if it were but three halfpence, it being a matter of such a nature I could by no means comply with." Then he offered "to be bound" for him in what sum they required, but this they could not agree to. The Court was adjourned to the next day, and the clerk ordered to provide him a "mittimus." Samuel was taken to the house of his kind friend, the justice, who had applied to the Court for permission to take him in charge until the morrow. Next day, at the hour appointed, the Court assembled, and the mittimus was brought in and executed. It will doubtless be interesting to know the charges upon which Samuel was committed. They read as follows: "We send you herewith the body of Samuel Bownas, a Quaker, charged with speaking scandalous lies of, and reflections against the Church of England, as by law established, and other misdemeanors by him done and spoken, at a public assembly in Hampstead, in this county. Now," he writes, "I was delivered up a prisoner, and my friends left me, having first got me a good, wholesome room and a very good bed, taking care that I should want nothing necessary for life." Here Samuel remained three months, when court was again held, at which a bill of indictment against him was handed the grand jury. The scenes in the court room are described with great minuteness of detail, and the names of the jurors are given. The bill against Samuel was ignored by them, which excited the wrath of the judge-who after much evidence of his evil intentions against Samuel, requested the jury to reconsider the bill, to which they consented, but on the following day they returned the same answer as before, on which the judge, being very angry, charged them "with obstructing the course of justice." The jurors remained firm for the verdict as signed by their foreman, excepting 7 of the 22, who upon being questioned separately, had expressed themselves in favor of the bill. This so angered the judge that he gave strict orders " to keep Samuel more close than before," threatening "as justice cannot be come at here, I'll send him to London chained to the man-of-war's deck like other vile criminals, with his crimes and misdemeanors along with him, which are of the highest nature and most dangerous consequences as tending to subvert both church and state." resolved "to bring him to justice," and Keith doing all he could to prejudice the people against him. Again the court was adjourned leaving him closely confined and he not knowing how it would end, became very anxious about what he could do for his own support. A thought suggested itself that he might learn to make shoes. Applying to a Scotch Churchman in the neighborhood who followed that trade, he proposed to buy a pair ready cut, desiring that he would show him how to begin and proceed with the work, and acquainting him with his reasons for so doing. The matter was soon arranged between them, and Samuel in a little time became so proficient that the shoes he made sold in the shop of his kind employer as well as any others. He was very soon able to earn fifteen shillings per week. He and the shoemaker became very good friends and had much serious conversation together. During his confinement he mentions having had visits from John Rogers, of New London, who was leader of a sect called Quaker-baptists, and from an Indian Chief or king as he styles him. Both visits were occasions of much interest to Samuel Bownas. When this was told to Samuel Bownas, it brought him under a great cloud, for he In Eighth month, 1703, another jury of 18 doubted whether under such ignominy and men was empanelled, but as on the former suffering as were threatened, he could remain occasion they went into Court with their bill firm and bear all with "decency and honor." signed "ignoramus." The court adjourned At this juncture he was visited by an elder- to the next day at which time Samuel was ly man, formerly a chief justice in the prov-brought in, though told "that it was not regince and well versed in the law, who, taking ular nor lawful to bring a man to the bar that Samuel in his arms, said with great feeling, had nothing laid to his charge by his peers, "Dear Samuel, the Lord hath made use of the grand inquest. you as an instrument to put a stop to arbitrary proceedings in our courts of justice, which have met with great encouragement since his Lordship came here for Governor (meaning the Lord Cornbury, who oppressed the people sorely), but there has never so successful a stand been made against it as at this time;" much more was said by this excellent man to comfort and encourage Samuel, especially in regard to the threat of the judge, who he declared could no more send Samuel to England "chained to the deck of a man of war," than he could send him. Then he explained the law concerning criminal proceedings to such satisfaction that Samuel renewed his faith and was like another man. Orders having been given that he should be kept more closely confined, he was now placed in a small room made of logs, which had been protested against as an unlawful prison two years before. He was locked in and his friends denied permission to visit him. He was now advised to demand his liberty as a right by law also to send a petition to the Governor, but all was in vain, they being Being asked if he had anything to offer to the Court, he replied that he "desired his liberty and reparation for the wrong done in taking it from him." The judge responded that he might have his liberty by paying his fees, which he still declined to do, and after further conversation was set at liberty by proclamation, having been a prisoner almost one year. Not feeling "a freedom to go away," he remained some time longer visiting every corner of the island and holding very large open meetings. He found by experience that his long imprisonment had brought him to the notice of the people, so that they flocked in great numbers to his meetings. (To be continued.) THE DIVINE BEING adopts his instructions and requisitions to the state of the people whom he visits. His mercy and his condescension to the children of Israel was so great that he gave them an outward law, adapted to their weak carnal state, and he made that law a figure or shadow of good things to come, so that they |