are transparent. That with which I am acquainted is C. plumicornis, and this is thus described: "The larva is so beautifully transparent as to resemble a piece of crystal, and scarcely to be distinguished from the water in which it lies. The head is small, conical, turned upwards, furnished with two deflexed hooks, as drawn in the 'Hamptonian,' which are articulated at the tip, and with two short pulpi." To the naked eye it appears like a transparent, slender form, with two very conspicuous black eyes, and two black spots on the back, one near the head, the other near the tail, which latter is ornamented with, apparently, a delicate fin. This fin really consists of twenty plumed threads on each side, and from this the species takes its name of plumicornis; in addition the last segment bears four more plumed threads or barbs, making forty-four in all, with four leaflets besides. Having had the larva of C. plumicornis under observation for more than a week at a time, making numerous drawings of it in its different positions. I knew at a glance that the drawing in the "Hamptonian was not that of C. plumicornis, but I suspected that it was that of some species of Corethra. Searching authorities for verifying this guess, I find in Walker's Catalogue of "British Diptera," a description of C.culiciformis, which is not given as an inhabitant of North America by Osten Sacken, who is the latest and best authority on North American Diptera. From this description I cannot help thinking our little Hampton observer has, in some way, met with this, or with a very closely allied American species. To this species belongs a pair of natatory oars, just as drawn in the figure, only the child did not quite understand what she saw, and described them as spear heads," but there they are as in C. culiciformis of Europe, along with the four leaflets at the end of the tail, as seen in C. plumicornis. In the thorax, she describes and figures parts which she calls "closer leaves." These are undoubtedly, the large air bladders which look like dark spots in C. plumicornis, of which both an anterior and posterior pair ought to be present. These air bladders are curved in form and are wound round by a spiral thread on which are neucleated cells, so thickly dispersed that under the microscope, the whole external surface seems covered by such cells, and all along the threads which extend from the anterior to the posterior pair, these cells can be seen. In addition to these, I saw in one of my specimens, just above the hinder pair of air bladders, the ends of two elongated receptacles filled with already fertilized eggs, in which I saw the eggs undergoing a process known as segmentation, or the division into smaller parts with which to build up the new being. It was a wonderful thing to see eggs in an embryo, but more wonderful still to be permitted to see this division into parts; and by that alone, I would have felt myself amply repaid for more than a week of observation. I am rejoiced to find a co-worker in a school girl, and my hope is that she may be rewarded as I have been, with a better knowledge of How many these interesting little creatures. school girls who read these pages, will be inspired by her example? I have drawings of other species of Dipterous larva and their eggs, which I have found in tresh water brooks, but will not at present describe these. 2d mo. 6th. GRACE ANNA LEWIS, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila. For Friends' Intelligencer. ALCOHOLISM No. 3. The third stage of this disease "is marked by distinct muscular failure both in direction and power, with much mental confusion." There is a complete failure of the muscular direction, which is so apparent that the swinging, staggering gait, with the palsied lip and limb, are so well known that it is scarcely necessary to allude to them; there is a stupor of the mental faculties, sometimes accompanied by great irritability, which ends in semi-consciousness and a total loss of the power to move. Dr. Richardson says, "they may be called inebriates or drunkards; but they present varieties of drunkenness due in part to the mode in which the alcohol is taken, and in part to the temperament of the drinker. Those who drink strong spirits, like whiskey, to intoxication are, as a rule, fierce, passionate, criminal. They yield the criminal classes from drink in the largest number. They who develop the third stage from taking larger quantities of weaker alcoholic fluids, such as gin and ale, present the sottish, bousy representatives of this stage; the very word 'bousy' being, according to some authorities, the early Egyptian name for ale. The first of these drinkers most commonly represent persons who are given to sudden breaks-out of drink mania; who reform for a time and break-out again; who furnish the examples of delirium tremens, and who furnish the examples chiefly of dipsomaniacs (mania for drink). These often live longer than their sottish comrades, because in intervals of repentance and abstinence they allow the organs of their body to regain some fair degree of natural function and of natural restoration.' These persons are liable to a great variety of diseases. They are therefore rejected by There the insurance officers on this account. can be but one opinion about this fearful habit, which in our country holds within its fatal grasp more than 300,000 persons, no one of whom for a moment contemplated entering upon this dreadful career, and yet out of the millions of "moderate drinkers there is not one who is safe; all are vibrating to wards this third stage, and no one knows how soon the swing of their pendulum may carry them within the vortex of this terrible disease from which it is very difficult to escape. I have referred to the changes which take place in the blood, by which it is rendered unfit to nourish properly any of the tissues of the body. The stomach and liver are always more or less deranged. Alcohol has a strong affinity for the brain and nervous system, and these are soon changed by it; albumen, which forms an important ingredient in the nerve tissues, is coagulated by alcohol; thus the white of egg may be rendered solid by a few drops of pure alcohol as if it were boiled. The brain and nerves of the drunkard will become hardened and their functions interfered with, so that they do not respond properly as the organs of the mind, hence the hallucinations, the stupor and the insanity which results from this disease may be understood. Experience teaches that in old age the brain does not respond so rapidly to the mental impressions, that the memory of present events becomes impaired, alcohol induces a much worse condition than this even in early life, unreliability, and a disposition to deceive are amongst its first influences. In the next paper I shall describe the fourth stage, and then the treatment of this disease will be presented. HENRY T. CHILD. Philadelphia, 2d mo., 1883. ITEMS. THE number of spindles now running in Georgia is 348,000 against 200,974 in 1880. PROFESSOR HILGARD, of the Coast Survey, is going to the South Sea Islands to observe the eclipse of the sun. THE loss of stock by the storms and cold weather in Colorado is estimated at 15 per cent. WASHINGTON IRVING was an intimate friend of the late Professor Greene, of Rhode Island, whom he regarded as without an equal as a writer on American historical subjects. IN many parts of Sweden exist enormous quantities of bleached mosses which grew ages ago. A manufactory of paper from this material has begun operations near Joenkoeping, and is said to be turning out a product of excellent quality. A TELEGRAM from St. Petersburgh states that the Government has granted to the Finnish Senate power to establish literary, scientific and economical societies, to grant concessions for tramways, to reduce the Customs tariff, and to sell land to foreigners. LONDON Contains 14 strictly terminal railway stations, from which no fewer than 2202 trains depart daily, and nearly 1600 of these leave between the hours of 10 A.M. and 10 P.M. The largest number of departures from a single terminus is 320, after which come two stations, with 312 and 295 respectively. These figures are exclusive of the immense system supplying the city with local transit. THE maguey plant, which abounds in MexiYucatan jute, and an excellent quality of is said to produce a fibre equal to the best paper pulp. Mills for utilizing the plant in this direction are to be started immediately. The Mexican government encourages the new industry by the offer of a premium of $30,000 for every such mill established, conditioned on certain stipulations for rendering the enterprise effective. AMONG the latest novelties in clocks is one kept in motion by the force of a current of air. This curious clock is at a railway station in the action of a fan placed in a chimney. As Brussels. The weight is kept wound up by soon as it approaches the extreme height of its course it actuates a break which stops the fan. A simple pawl protects it from the effect of an accidental downward draft. It is not necessary that the air in the chimney should be heated.-Grocers' `Price Current. THERE have been very heavy floods in Western Pennsylvania and Ohio; at Pittsburg the loss by the flood will reach $300,000. Hundreds of buildings in Allegheny and on the south side are more or less submerged. Many etc., have been compelled to shut down, throwrolling mills, blast furnaces, glass factories, ing several thousand persons temporarily out of work. REPORTS from Central Ohio show that the floods there have been the most disastrous for several years. Three persons are reported killed and several injured, one fatally, by accidents caused by washouts on the railroads. On the 12th inst., the water at Cincinnati had reached the highest point since 1832, being twelve feet above the danger line. At a recent meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences, the President Dr. Leidy, declared that instead of decaying animal matter being the cause of the pollution of the Schuylkill water, he was convinced that the actual cause, whatever it might be, was rapidly destroying the life of various sorts which formerly flourished in the river. Some years ago such organism as urnatella, paludicella, and plumatella, had existed abundantly in places which had been found recently to be reeking with filth. The Schuylkill mud is saturated with oil, and only the remains of mollusks and aquatic insects can now be found in it. It could not be doubted that the impurity of our river water was due to the drainage from mills, factories, and surrounding habitations. NOTICES. A Temperance Meeting, under the care of the Committee of Philadelphia Quarterly Meeting (a branch of the Yearly Meeting Committee), will be held at Girard avenue Meeting-house on Sixth-day, the 23d inst., at 8 o'clock. Joshua L. Baily will give an address. All are invited. FRIENDS' INTELLIGENCER. "TAKE FAST HOLD OF INSTRUCTION; LET HER NOT GO; KEEP HER; FOR SHE IS THY LIFE. VOL. XL. PHILADELPHIA, SECOND MONTH 24, 1883. No. 21 EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY AN ASSOCIATION OF FRIENDS. COMMUNICATIONS MUST BE ADDRESSED AND PAYMENTS MADE TO JOHN COMLY, AGENT, AT PUBLICATION OFFICE, No. 1020 ARCH STREET. TERMS:—TO BE PAID IN ADVANCE. The Paper is issued every week. The FORTIETH Volume commenced on the 17th of Second month, 1883, at Two Dollars and Fifty Cents to subscribers receiving it through mail, postage prepaid. SINGLE NUMBERS SIX CENTS. It is desirable that all subscriptions should commence at the beginning of the volume. REMITTANCES by mail should be in CHECKS, DRAFTS, or P. O. MONEY-ORDERS; the latter preferred. MONEY sent by mail will be at the risk of the person so sending. AGENTS:-Edwin Blackburn, Baltimore, Md. Benj. Strattan, Richmond, Ind. Entered at the Post-Office at Philadelphia, Penna. as second-class matter WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR BOYS? The following from the Friends' Quarterly Examiner of First month, discusses a question often asked of latter-time by concerned parents. I have chosen for the title of my paper a question which often causes grave and anxious thought to individual parents, and which looms up ominously every now and then before the view of the great State-parent, and demands an answer with a threatening persistence akin to that of the ancient Sphynx by the wayside. For, indeed, the statesman's soul must often feel that if he do not (or cannot) answer this question wisely, some kind of awful retribution is in store, all the more fearful from the indefiniteness of its aspect. And yet, do we not often find that the answer to a most portentous and hopeless-looking riddle is very obvious, lying close at our hand, could we but see it; and when in despair "we give it up," and are told, we exclaim, "How simple; why did I not think of it before?” May it not be that there is some such simple answer to the question we are now considering? Is it not true that rays of light are converging from many quarters upon one simple answer, viz., "Teach your boys a trade; let them learn a handicraft." "What, all our boys, gentle and simple!" says the astonished parent, individual and collective. "Well, why not?" What, the children of gentlefolks learn a common handicraft trade! tlest, the noblest, the most kingly soul that Impossible!" Oh, not impossible. The genever trod this earth spent most of His short Divine life in a carpenter's shop. And His great disciple, the learned scholar in the school of Gamaliel, was he less versed in the Sacred Writings of his people, or less familiar with the poetry and philosophy of Greece, or less abundant in his labors as a missionary and preacher, because he could labor at his craft of tent-making with his gifted friends Aquila and Priscilla ? Nay, was the Jewish nation unwise in its practice of giving a trade to every one of its sons? We do earnestly contend that it would be a good thing for us now in this nineteenth century, that not only physical training in all kinds of manly exercises, but also the special training of the fingers in many kinds of dexterity, and in some special handicraft, should, as a general rule, be given to every boy, of every class of the community. We dare not add sewing and knitting to these crafts, dreading the smile of derision on the lips of every male reader; but in our heart of hearts we believe that a mother at least does well who lets her young boys amuse themselves by learning these useful occupations. Not to mention the beguiling some weary hour when winter storms are howling, and books and pencils are out of favor, the day may come when it may be well to be able to put in a stitch, when mother's work-box and mother's hand are far, far away. In these days of travel in distant lands, pioneering in new countries, settling of emigrants, penetrating to Polar or Equatorial regions, what an additional value a man has who can "turn his hand to anything," and every woman who possesses it knows what a treasure in the house a husband is who can do a bit of carpentering on an emergency. Yes, and we truly believe that very many men of the middle and upper classes would be happier and better to have some artistic or other occupation to turn to of an evening when their brains are too tired for reading, and they want an entire change of occupation and thought. If the boys, too, of these classes could, in addition to their school learning, have some kind of training by which their house and boat-building, and general carpentering, and modelling, and making propensitives could be developed and cultivated, what enjoyment would be added to their lives! It is coming now to be generally acknowledged by those who take an interest in education that the Kindergarten system is the best for very young children. It is a system founded on natural laws, and the best yet discovered for laying a sure foundation for the future superstructure; for preparing the ground of the young child's mind and body for the growth we desire to see in coming years. It aims, in the first place, to teach the child to use its eyes and ears rightly, to cultivate its observing powers, and then to use its hands, to "make things." This is the true order-"first that which is natural, then that which is spiritual." Do we not all know the delight of the little ones in being allowed to be of use?-the "Mamma, may I help you?" so often uttered, with a gleesome face. Then the untold delight of making clay pies, and models of all things imaginable and unimaginable, building ships, houses, making engines, etc., etc. All this desire and faculty the Kindergarten trains and educates-building, weaving, modelling, etc.; and then it teaches in the simplest way, and by the help of things that can be seen and handled, the elements of arithmetic and geometry, and other abstract sciences. The Kindergarten system, being founded on natural principles, recognizes no distinction of rank or position, but is equally applicable to the child of peer or peasant, whose hearts and minds God has "fashioned alike." And for all classes, as we have already said, we believe a further technical training is desirable; but it is for the poorer classes especially we would urge it as of the utmost importance. We alluded to light having fallen from various quarters of late on this particular point. A very valuable paper appeared in Fraser's Magazine for June, by Dr. B. W. Richardson, entitled "National Necessities the Bases of National Education,' in which he strongly urges the importance of physical training for boys of the poorer classes. He would give half the time devoted daily to school learning to this physical training: the development and strengthening of the body by various exercises-running, swimming, riding, etc., etc., and the acquiring of some manual occupation. This seems to be such a natural suggestion, considering the antecedents of these boys, their inherited powers, and the occupation to which their lives are likely to be devoted, that one wonders it has not been adopted long ago. Surely no boy should leave our workhouse schools, our National schools, our Board schools, without having a trade in his hands, or at least having had such teaching as would prepare him to take up a trade with facility. We have heard most sorrowful stories of some of the first-mentioned of these (our workhouses), where boys are turned out on the world with some school teaching in their heads, but without any power in their hands to earn a livelihood; and so they return again and again to the only home they have ever known, helpless, hopeless, miserable, often criminal. The alternative to their being thus turned adrift on the world is in some cases to go into the stone-yard, which for young boys, owing to the association met there, means simply destruction. What a different creature is a boy sent out into the world without the power of earning his own bread, and one with trained and skilful hands, feeling the self-respect of a man who knows he is worth his meat, and that he can get it, too, in this country or abroad, if he will work industriously and conscientiously. Conscientiously! Yes; if it were only that teachers would have the power of training lads to do their work conscientiously, truthfully, thoroughly, in the sight of God, they should rejoice to have this technical training in their hands. For does not every one feel that it is the low standard of industrial morality which is ruining our country— nowhere work well done, but slurred over, half done, done for show and not for use, ignoring the ancient fashion of the man- "Whom none can work or woo To use in anything a trick or sleight, And forgetting, alas! how 'In the elder days of art, Builders wrought with greatest care, Each minute and unseen part, For the gods see everywhere."* If we could come back to a consciousness of this kind, to a sense of the all-pervading Presence that calls for honesty and uprightness and sincerity in every detail-in word, and work, and thought-we should indeed be near the regeneration of our country. mere, who has for two or three years labored successfully in teaching a handicraft art to the boys of agricultural laborers, and other working men in her neighborhood. The art which she and her friends teach is that of carving in wood, and we have ourselves seen a beautiful piece produced by the boys of that district, who do not claim to be in any way superior to the boys of other country districts. Many orders for the carving have been received, though they have not been soThere are other points of view, too, from licited. But persons may say, "What can which it will be seen that this technical train- be done with carvings, modellings, and other ing, going regularly on from the Kindergar- works of art, if produced in great quantities, ten to our primary and other schools, would through the general adoption of the methods be of the utmost advantage to boys of the of teaching suggested by Mrs. Jebb?" Are poorer classes. As it is now, many of their we afraid of an over-supply of works of art, finest mental faculties lie wholly undeveloped; of beautiful things the product of human the powers of observing and producing thought and skill; the happy, if not, some powers that are among the most healthy and of them, the quite perfect outcome of hours joy-giving of those that have been implanted of leisure that might otherwise have been in our nature-lie utterly dormant in the turned to sad account? Are our towns, our minds of the youth of our working classes. churches, our houses, our rooms, already so Why should there be less in these days beautiful that nothing can be added to them than in times gone by of artistic power and to make them more enjoyable? We know careful loving observation of Nature? These that this is not the case. Compare one of our must have been grandly and happily devel- modern towns, say a manufacturing town, oped when the cathedrals rose up slowly un- with the ancient places of trade, such as the der the hands of humble workers, whose Belgian cities, or with Verona, or Venice! names are forgotten, but whose work remains Compare the wearisome and uninspiring through the ages, a joy of all generations. monotony of machine-made ornament with We know not how many sculptors and the freshness and suggestiveness of a bit of painters might arise if proper culture were carving copied from the branch of a tree, a bestowed on those powers which almost all rose spray, a fern, an oak-leaf. Go into our possess in greater or less degree. Almost old farmhouses and mansions in remote every child may be taught to draw, to model, country places, and see the pieces of rich and or to carve; and if these occupations are not beautiful oak carving that have come down likely to form any part of their future bread-through generations; and who can tell the winning work, they will still come in as ex-pleasure they have given, or the influence cellent training for other handicrafts, or their exercise will be a delightful and remunerative recreation. It will lead also to the observation of nature; they will go out in search of models to the fields and woods, and, as we have said before, they will taste some of the sweetest enjoyments of which human nature is capable, in beholding the works of the Creator shining in the light of a new and glorious insight, and in becoming also makers and creators, in a sense, under Him. For, let us not forget that it was God's Spirit, poured out on the men and women in the wilderness, which enabled them to work in stone and wood, and tapestried curtains, and 'spinning of goats' hair" for the Tabernacle, and God's Spirit still inspires all true and good and beautiful work of man's hand, and pen and pencil. These things have been well pointed out in an article in the Nineteenth Century, for October, by Mrs. Jebb, of Elles * Longfellow, “The Builders.” they have had on the continuity of home and family life! Then what enjoyment it must be to a man who spends his days at the loom until he feels as if he were but a part of the machinery himself, to have a bit of artistic work in his hauds of an evening and see it grow into beauty under strokes guided by intelligence, skill, nay, perhaps by genius. Surely there need be no difficulty in disposing and making use of the products of such labor, even when they come very abundantly into the market. Compare an evening spent by the cottage fireside, occupied in one of these artistic industries, with an evening spent at the public house, or even in dozing over the fire in listless stupidity. And let us not forget the profound truth contained in the lines familiar to our childhood, and which we all have reason to quote so frequently— "Satan finds some mischief still, |