[Bodega Bay]. The following night they lay by until the next day.

The following Saturday they were running along the coast, and they found themselves at night off El Cabo de San Martin. All the coast they passed from this day is very bold, and there is a great swell of the sea, and the land is very lofty; there are mountains which rise to the sky and the sea beats upon them. While sailing near the land it appears as if they would fall upon the ships; they are covered with snow to the summit. They gave them the name of Las Sierras Nevadas [the Sierra Nevada thus christened]; and the principal one forms a cape, which projects into the sea, which they named Cabo de Nieve [not identifiable]. The coast runs north-northwest and south-southeast. It does not appear that Indians inhabit this coast. This Cabo de Nieve is in 383 degrees, and always when it blew from the northwest it made the weather fair and clear.

Thursday, on the twenty-third day of the month, they approached on a backward course the islands of San Lucas [the group collectively here meant], and one of them named La Posesion [San Miguel]; and they ran along all the coast, point by point, from El Cabo de Pinos to them, and they found no harbor, so that of necessity they had to return to the said island, on account of having these days a very high west-northwest wind, and the swell of the sea was very great. From Cabo de Martin to Cabo de Pinos we saw no Indians, because of the coast's being bold and without harbor and rugged; and on the southeast side of Cabo de Martin for 15 leagues they found the country inhabited, and many smokes, for the land is good; but from El Cabo de Martin as far as to 40 degrees we saw no sign of Indians. El Cabo de San Martin is in 371⁄2 degrees.

While wintering in this Isla de Posesion [San Miguel], on the third day of January, 1543, departed from this present life Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo,

captain of the said ships, from a fall which he had on the same island at the former time when they were there, by which he broke an arm near the shoulder. He left for captain the chief pilot, who was one Bartolome Ferrel, a native of the Levant; and he charged them much at the time of his death that they should not give up the discovery, as far as possible, of all that coast. They named the island La Isla de Juan Rodriguez. The Indians call this island Liquimuymu, and another they called Nicalque, and the other they call Limu. In this island De la Posesion there are two villages; the one is called Zaco and the other Nimollollo. On one of the other islands there are three villages; one they call Nichochi, and another Coycoy, and the other Estocoloco. On the other island there are eight villages, which are, Miquesesquelua, Poele, Pisqueno, Pualnacatup, Patiquiu, Patiquilid, Ninumu, Muoc, Pilidquay, Lilibeque.

The Indians of these islands are very poor. They are fishermen; they eat nothing but fish; they sleep on the ground; all their business and employment is to fish. In each house

They

they say there are fifty souls. live very swinishly; they go naked. They were in these islands from the 23d of November to the 19th of January. In all this time, which was almost two months, there were very hard wintry storms on the land and sea. The winds which prevailed most were west-southwest and south-southwest and west-northwest. The weather was very tempestuous.

Friday, the 19th day of the month of January, 1543, they set sail from the island of Juan Rodriguez, which is called Liquimuymu by the natives. [San Miguel], to go to the mainland in quest of some supplies of provisions for their voyage; and in leaving the port a heavy storm from the westnorthwest struck them, which made them put into the other island of San Lucas, and they anchored off the island of Limu, to which they gave

the name of San Salvador [Santa Cruz]; and they found it necessary to weigh anchor again because it had no port more under the shelter of the islands, and the wind veered round obliquely, and they sailed round these islands eight days with the winds very foul, sheltering themselves by the islands from the bad weather; and on the twenty-seventh day of the said. month they entered the same port of the island of Juan Rodriguez where they were before. The greatest obstacle they had was because the winds were not fixed, but went veering about from one to another. Those which are most constant are from the westnorthwest and from the west-southwest.

Tuesday, the 29th day of the said month of January, they departed from the island of Juan Rodriguez [San Miguel] for the island of San Lucas [Santa Rosa here intended; although the confusion resulting from the Spaniards having named and renamed certain ones of the group renders it difficult to fix them with precision], which is in the middle of the others, to take up certain anchors which they had left in a storm, not being able to raise them, which they took, and took in water.

They departed from this island of San Lucas Monday, the 12th day of the month of February, which they could not do sooner on account of the bad weather, which gave them winds and much snow. It is inhabited, and the people are like those of the other island. The Indians call it Nicalque. There are three villages in it, which are called Nicochi, Coycoy, Coloco. This day they went to Puerto de las Sardinas [Goletta Anchorage], to take in wood and other things necessary for their voyage, as they were not to be obtained on those islands.

Wednesday, the fourteenth day of the said month, they departed from El Puerto de Sardinas, having taken a boat-load of wood, and they did not dare to remain longer there on account of the great swell of the sea;

they did not find so many Indians as before, nor any fishing on account of the winter; the natives eat oak-acorns and other seeds and herbs of the field without cooking. From this place they proceeded to the island of San Salvador [Santa Cruz], because they were there more secure from the storms, that they might be able to make sail and run along by the sea.

Sunday, the 18th day of the said month of February, they departed from the island of San Salvador with a moderate wind to the northeast, and they ran along to the southwest because they were told that there were other islands toward the southwest; they were at dusk this day about 12 leagues from the island of San Salvador, and they saw six islands, some large and others small. [The southern members of the Santa Barbara group, of which there are actually but five; but Santa Catalina has the appearance of being cut in two]. This day a sailor died; and the following Monday, at daybreak, they were at sea about 10 leagues to the windward of the islands, and with the wind west-northwest they were standing off five days to the southwest, and after they had proceeded about a hundred leagues they found the wind more violent and the sea high; and Thursday, the 22d day of the said month of February, they again stood in-shore to endeavor to reach Cabo de Pinos [Point de Arenas], with the wind south-southeast, which continued three days, and was increasing each day; and the Sunday following, at daybreak, they gained sight of Cabo de Pinos; and they were this day at dusk 20 leagues to windward on a coast running northwest and southeast, and it is bold and without harbor; there was no smoke seen on the land, and they saw a point which formed the extremity of the land which turned the coast to the northwest. In the middle of the night the wind suddenly shifted to the south-southwest, and they ran to the west-northwest until day, and in the morning the wind shifted to the west-southwest

with great violence, which held on until the following Tuesday; they ran to the northwest.

Tuesday, the twenty-seventh day of the said month, the wind veered to the south-southwest, which held on all day; they ran to the west-northwest with the foresails lowered, for it blew violently; at the approach of night the wind shifted to the west; they ran all night to the south with but few sails; there was a high sea which washed over them.

The Wednesday following, the twenty-eighth day of the said month, at daybreak, the wind shifted directly to the southwest, and it did not blow hard. This day they took the latitude in 43 degrees. [Allowing the necessary error of a degree and a half, this would place the ships somewhat above Cape Mendocino.] Towards night the wind freshened and shifted to the south-southwest. They ran this night to the west-northwest with much difficulty, and Thursday at daybreak the wind shifted to the southwest with great fury, and the seas came from many parts, which harassed them much, and broke over the ships, which not having decks, if God should not succor them, they could not escape; and not being able to lay by, of necessity they ran aft northeast towards the land; and now holding themselves for lost they commended themselves to our Lady of Guadalupe, and made their wills, and ran thus until three o'clock in the afternoon with much fear and labor, for they saw that they were going to be lost, and already saw many signs of the land which was near, as small birds, and logs very fresh, which floated from some rivers, although from the dark and cloudy weather the land did not appear. At this hour the Mother of God succored them with the grace of her Son, and there came a violent rainstorm from the north, which made them run all that night and the following day until sunset to the south with the foresails lowered; and because there was a high sea from the south it broke over them

each time by the prow, and passed over them as if over a rock, and the wind shifted to the northwest and the north-northwest with great fury, so that it made them run until Saturday, the 3d of March, to the southeast and to the east-southeast, with such a high sea that it made them cry out without reserve that if God and his blessed Mother did not miraculously save them they could not escape. Saturday at noon the wind moderated and remained at the northwest, for which they gave many thanks to our Lord. They suffered also in provisions, as they had only biscuit, and that damaged.

It appeared to them that there was a very large river of which they had much indication between 41 degrees and 43, for they saw many signs of it. [Probaby the drift from the Columbia was here noticed, although all the smaller rivers of this coast carry down more or less driftwood.] This day, in the evening, they recognized Cabo de Pinos [Point Arenas], and on account of the high sea which prevailed they could do no less than run along the coast on the return course in search of a port. They experienced much cold.

Monday, on the 5th day of the said month of March, 1543, at dawn, they found themselves off the island of Juan Rodriguez [San Miguel], and they did not dare to enter the port on account of the great storm which prevailed, which dashed the sea on the entrance of the port in 15 fathoms; the wind was north-northwest; the entrance is narrow; they ran into the harbor of the island of San Salvador [Santa Cruz] on the southeast side; and the night before coming with a violent tempest, with only two small foresails, the other ship disappeared so that they suspected that the sea had swallowed it up, and they could not discover it any more, even after daybreak; they believe they must have been in 44 degrees when the last storm took them and compelled them to fall off to leeward. [The allowance of a degree and a half would place

the highest point reached in about 421⁄2 degrees, or at about the southern border of Oregon, and it is believed that this is not far out of the way.]

Thursday, the eighth day of the said month, they departed from the island of San Salvador, to stand in for the mainland in search of the other ship, and they proceeded to Pueblo de las Canoas [Buenaventura] and did not obtain news of the other ship; and here they took four Indians.

The Friday following, on the ninth of the said month, they departed from Pueblo de las Canoas and proceeded to the island of San Salvador and found no signs of their consort.

Sunday, the eleventh of the said month, they came near Puerto de San Miguel [Saint Pedro Bay]; neither did they find here their consort nor any news of her; here they waited six days; here they took two boys to carry to New Spain for interpreters, and left certain signals in case the other ship should approach.

Saturday, the seventeenth day of the said month, they departed from the said Puerto de San Miguel; the following Sunday they arrived off Bahia de San Mateo [San Diego Bay] and found no more signs of the other ship.

Sunday, the eighteenth day of the said month, in the evening, they departed from this bay of San Mateo, and the Wednesday following, on the twenty-first of the said month, they arrived at Puerto de la Posesion

[Port St. Quentin], and still obtained no news of their consort; they waited two days without entering the port, for they did not dare to enter it on account of the heavy northwest wind which blew, and, as it broke their cable, of necessity they weighed anchor.

Friday, on the twenty-third day of the said month, they departed from Puerto de la Posesion, and the following Saturday at midnight they arrived off Isla de Cedros [Cerros Island], and being there the following Monday, the twenty-sixth day of the said month, arrived the other ship off Isla de Cedros, at which they rejoiced much and gave many thanks Juan Rodriguez [San Miguel], by to God; this ship put into La Isla de night, passing over some breakers so that they expected to be lost, and the mariners promised to go in procession naked to her church, and our Lady delivered them.

On Monday, the 2d day of the month of April, they departed from Isla de Cedros on their return to New

Spain, because they did not have a supply of provisions to renew their attempt to discover the coast. They arrived in El Puerto de Navidad Saturday, the 14th day of the said month of April.

Came as captain of the ships, Bartolome Ferrel, chief pilot of the said ships, in default of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, who died in Isla de la Posesion [San Miguel]. The men came in the said ships.

HE people with general and the politicians

months or more, watch the proceedings of Congress. The action of the Fifty-first Congress may be taken as the definite policy of the Republican Party upon the tariff question, and it remains to be seen whether the policy of the Democratic majority in the present House will be in accord with that indicated in the Mills bill of the Fiftieth Congress. The Mills bill and the principles embodied afterwards in the McKinley bill constituted the issue in the election of 1888. Having been worsted in that election the query is, Will the Democrats adhere to the principles of the Mills bill, or will they recede from it and plant themselves upon a less rugged issue?

The election of Mr. Crisp, of Georgia, to the speakership is accredited to the influence of Governor Hill, and is regarded as unfriendly to the pretensions of Mr. Cleveland. There seems little doubt that Governor Hill is not in accord with Messrs. Cleveland, Carlisle, Mills, Morrison and others upon the tariff question. In a public speech in 1888 he said if he thought the Chicago platform committed his party to free trade he would not support it, and within a year he replied to an invitation to a free trade banquet in language of decisive disapproval of that sentiment. The element of the party which adhered to the views of Mr. Randall in the House of Representatives is friendly to Governor Hill. Mr. Springer, the newly appointed chairman of ways and means, though he supported the Morrison bill of the Forty-ninth Congress, and the Mills bill of the Fiftieth Congress, and who has always been regarded as an extreme partisan, in a recent interview expressed himself in opposition to a general revision of the tariff, and in favor of a few itemized modifications. The prospect therefore is, that the Democrats will not lay out a program, but will substantially have the issue in the next presidential campaign upon the McKinley law. The few modifications suggested will be urged so

that it cannot be said that the party assents to the Republican policy. It is also obvious that the changes proposed are for the purpose of influencing the New England vote; for they are particularly favorable to the interests of that section of the nation. Free wool is much wanted by the New England manufacturers, though it would be disastrous to the woolproducing States.

The political game will be played with "a fine Italian hand." The issue of the impending campaign is almost certain to be upon economic questions. The change of attitude by the Democrats from that of broad revision to one of comparatively trifling modification will be regarded by the country as a pretty square backdown, and it may be followed by disastrous results. The question of free silver coinage will cut some figure; and it seems inevitable that the Democrats in the main will be forced to sustain the measure. Such action will tend to counteract the effect of the proposed tariff modification, in New England. There are no indications as to what the Democrats will attempt to do on the measures of the last Congress for stimulating the building up of a merchant marine. There seems to be little doubt that the Democrats are divided into Hillites and Clevelandites upon questions of public and party policies. Hill has the advantage, for he is a practical politician and Cleveland is a theorist and doctrinaire.

As soon as the material needs of man are satisfied he begins to feel a restless desire to create environments about himself that shall be an expression of his spiritual nature.

Here in the new West, where the pioneer labor was opening up the resources of a rich but totally undeveloped and remote section of country, the struggle has been thus far simply to acquire wealth to gratify material needs, and to provide in many cases for a possible future of ease and luxury in some more civilized and populous center of activity. It is only within a