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consequences are too numerous and manifold to admit as yet of any but the vaguest conjecture. What is alone, however, of relevance here is, that it has been through the medium of this energetic rivalry between the minority in the House and the majority supporting the Government that the true relations which ought to exist between the Crown and the House of Commons with respect to foreign affairs have been ventilated and discussed as never before. If it be thought that somewhat too much of political passion or party spirit bas entered into these discussions, that is only saying that the hard constitutional rules, scarcely as yet fully fashioned, have been forged in that red-hot furnace in which alone such strong and immortal instruments can be shaped for use.

The general upshot of the constitutional controversy between the minority and the Government relates to the following obligations alleged to be incumbent on the Government.

(i.) It is incumbent on the Government to produce all papers and despatches relating to current engagements of all sorts with foreign Powers at the earliest moment compatible with a due regard for the public interest, and whether they are asked for by the House

or not.

(ii.) It is incumbent on the Government to take the House into its confidence at the earliest moment as to all definitive arrangements on the verge of being completed, the result of which, when completed, would be to charge the finances of the country, to increase the treaty obligations of the country, or to affect the national dignity and honour.

(iii) It is morally as well as politically incumbent on the Government, and on every member of it, to be

Royal Policy in the Cabinet.

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consistent in the report of events and negotiations as they are successively disclosed, and not, either by omission, or misrepresentation, or perversion, or abuse of language, to run the risk of conveying a meaning inconsistent with the truth, though it be not always expedient or necessary to reveal the whole truth.

The purpose of Parliament in demanding such an exact account of current negotiations as the duties here described would involve, is not only in order to be able at the earliest moment to foresee and prepare for its own contingent action, nor to guard against the possibility of Ministers diverging from time to time from paths which have been once clearly traced out. There are still greater perils than those here indicated;or rather the perils here indicated are only very innocent forms of the hazards which are still left open, even when the strictest formal requirements of the Constitution are complied with. It has already been seen, in treating another part of the subject, that it is quite possible for the Sovereign himself to have an active personal concern in foreign policy, and occasionally to intervene, either by initiation, over-zealous superintendence, remonstrances, cautions, or impulses given in certain specific directions, with the action of the Cabinet, in such a way as to impair its independence and to perplex its relations with Parliament. Where the Cabinet, or even the influential Chief of the Cabinet, is content to acquiesce in this intervention, and to assume, in the presence of Parliament, all the responsibility it imposes, there is no formal constitutional check provided against the country being, to the extent of the intervention supposed, governed by the direct will of the Sovereign, and not by the deliberate autho

rity of the Cabinet in the unhampered exercise of the special and confidential powers delegated to it by Parliament. If there was any intervention of this sort during the earlier stages of the Crimean war, certainly Lord Aberdeen seems not to have repudiated it; and yet, up to the time of the publication of the Prince Consort's Life, more than twenty years afterwards, neither House of Parliament could have conjectured, except by the vaguest suspicion, what was the real source of reticence at one time, assertion at another, and inconsistencies at any time.

But, apart from such direct influence brought to bear on the Cabinet by the Sovereign, which is so plainly outside the limits of the proper constitutional action of the Sovereign in England, and for which Parliament can, if once its attention be awakened, provide an adequate remedy by extorting from Ministers a plenary account or anticipation of their policy, wherever possible, and condemning in the severest fashion, all ambiguity, inconsistency, hesitation, or recantations, -there is another hazard, far more inaccessible to the ordinary modes of Parliamentary censure, or even detection. It is possible that the Chief of the Cabinet himself may have a policy of his own, which is not that of Parliament, nor of any party in Parliament. He may give currency and weight to this policy by obtaining the concurrence and sympathy of the Sovereign. If the policy be of too strange or startling a nature to be instantly divulged, even to the members of his own Parliamentary majority, he may certainly rely upon their indulgence and support when ultimately he comes before Parliament for a ratification of his acts, or an indemnity for his irregularities. In an extreme case,

Policy of a Single Minister.

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it may happen that such a Minister is in such sole possession of his political theory and programme, that he fails even to communicate a belief in it to his own colleagues. If these colleagues, as a body, consider their personal allegiance to their chief, or their general agreement with him on other matters, or their hope of moderating or counteracting opposed views, or their desire to retain office, sufficient to overcome the differences of opinion, and to justify them in remaining in the Cabinet, it is hard indeed for Parliament to distinguish what may be the most wild and hare-brained scheme of a single enthusiast from the long-meditated thought, treasured experience, and combined counsels, of a body specially selected from the ablest statesmen in the two Houses. The only loopholes through which an occasional gleam of light may travel are supplied by the inevitable inconsistencies and surprises which the heads of the different departments must, in a divided Cabinet, occasionally disclose, and the almost inevitable fact that at certain crises in the negotiations one and another of the most eminent and scrupulous members of the Cabinet will publicly abandon it.

It is one of the gravest and most pressing constitutional questions at the present day, by what new Parliamentary machinery, or by what new adjustments of ancient and well-tried machinery, Parliament can guard against undue influences over the Cabinet exerted either by the Sovereign or by its Chief, and against the sort of treacherous anarchy that may long co-exist in a Cabinet with formal unity.

The history of the four Sessions from 1876 to 1879 inclusive has thrown so much light on the constitutional problems here indicated, and such frequent illustrations

have been afforded of the necessity of insisting on the three sorts of checks before enumerated,-the exacting at the hands of Ministers that they shall give the earliest and the fullest communication of all negotiations in progress, and of the general policy advocated, -that they shall not pledge Parliament and the country to definite acts and liabilities except in cases of the most commanding necessity, which must always be of a rare and exceptional kind, and that they shall be habitually truthful, unambiguous, and honest in imparting information to Parliament-that, on these accounts alone, a reference to this history, so far as its constitutional can be separated from its political side, cannot be evaded in this place. But the subject has still stronger claims to consideration from the fact, that the events concerned, that is, the circumstances which led up to the Berlin Congress of 1878, and the establishment of a new Imperial era in India, through the aid of the Viceroy, Lord Lytton, accompanied by an Afghan war, are of themselves of the utmost importance, and are likely to afford material for permanent political differences of opinion; that, for the first time during the century, a large organised minority of the House of Commons was, at every leading stage of the events and negotiations, in direct and uncompromising resistance to the policy and acts of the Government; and that throughout all the political debates there was interwoven a web, often very entangled, of constitutional controversy, which, for the breadth of ground it covered and the radical depths to which it again and again reached, was either unprecedented, or could at best only find a precedent in the time of Edmund Burke's dissertations, often, it is said, to bare walls,-on the

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