combined erected and worshipped in the structure devoted to St. Mary, the patroness of all. Parts of these three, Nicolai, Petri, and Marien Kirchen, still exist; but in general they have been often restored and renewed. Around the original massive granite foundation walls of the tower of the Nicolai Kirche are the grave-stones of Berlin burgers and knightseach stone with skull and cross-bones graven thereon; and in the interior are many-colored tablets, shields, coats-of-arms, and chapels used as burial vaults. Before the Marien church is a cross of white stone set up to commemorate the murder at this place of the Priest of Bernau ; and in the entrance hall is a curious wall-painting of the 15th century representing the Totentanz (Death Dance), with simple rhymes in a South German dialect. It is in this church that the

famous choir from the Cathedral sings while the latter is being rebuilt.

The Dom or Cathedral was torn down a few years ago; and on the same spot, the most prominent position in the city, in the Lustgarten, between the Royal Palace and the Old Museum, there arises a fine new Dom. When the maze of scaffolding that now envelops the whole structure and its five towers is taken down, the result will be a notable addition to the splendid series of buildings at the eastern end of Unter den Linden.

One church only in Berlin has chimes that can play hymns-the Parochial Church. This is situated in the Kloster Strasse, where also the cloisters of the Kloster Kirche are a prominent feature. But these chimes are not of very wide range and the "bells out of tune" are not sweet.

There is a crooked bending street named Heiligegeist Strasse, (Holy Ghost street), after the Heiligegeist Kirche; the latter is a small, simple structure in the old city's heart. The congregation remained Catholic when most of the other churches followed Luther; and the one priest has but a handful of listeners, while the "responses" are led by a wheezy, old-style wooden organ.

The fine square, which is called the Gensdarme Market, contains three buildings of splendid architectural effect, especially in moonlight-the Royal Theatre, the Neue Kirche, and the Französiche Kirche. The new church has famous, powerful, richtoned bells, that ring out the hours and quarters of the day and summon worshippers to service. The other church belongs to the so-called French Colony. The Great Elector, after the Edict of Nantes, invited the French Huguenots to settle in Brandenburg; and fortunately for Berlin many did so, bringing both thrifty habits and artistic and industrial knowledge. In the church established by these refugees services are held alternately in French and German.

The newer Lutheran churches are generally more impressive than the older; among them are the Emperor William and Emperor Frederick memorial churches and the Garrison churches.

Other religious denominations do not seem to be so widely represented in the capital. There are several Roman Catholic churches scattered throughout the city; the most important is St. Hedwig's Church, which has a fine location in the Opera Square off Unter den Linden, and in which many important functions take place. The Church of England worships in St. George's Church, a beautiful little structure in English style, in Monbijou Palace Park. Most Americans attend service there or in the American Union Church. The latter uses a hall in the building of the Christliche Verein Junger Manner (Young Men's Christian Association). The number present is usually quite large and it is pleasant to see so many students and members of the resident colony. The first time we were present the minister said: "We have representatives of nearly every Christian sect— from the Church of England to the Quakers." Plans are now being carried out for the construction of a separate church building for the American Union Church.

Members of the Greek Catholic Church have service in the Russian Embassy; there is a chorus of twenty or more voices, which render in a most impressive way the sublime music of this service, which precludes the use of instruments. One of the best modern buildings in the city is the world-famous New Synagogue. The large and rich Jewish population spared nothing to produce a magnificent effect in the main hall, where 3,000 worshippers may be seated. Here, too, the musical service is very fine.

We have usually attended services in the German churches, and have been impressed with the earnestness of the sermons. They were all, except just at Christmas time, powerful appeals for a better daily living and denunciations of the sinfulness of the metropolis.

Especially was the desecration of the Sabbath-day condemned; and in the pulpits above our heads the clergymen, in their simple, black gowns, thundering against the wickedness of the modern city of culture and commerce, seemed veritable Savonarolas. B. F. B.

Berlin, Second month 17, 1899.

Penang, the Dindings, Malacca, so called; and these came to be known as the Straits Settlements. The rest of the peninsula was held by a great number of petty tribes, constantly at war, and under no control but that of force from powers whose commerce they interrupted. The home government of England seems to have been very unwilling to attempt any control of these States. And until 1874, when at last it interfered with their foreign relations, the people were, to all intents and purposes, living in the Middle Ages; for each State had its own sultan under a complete feudal system.

Their wars with each other brought about a complete anarchy. "Up to the year 1874," writes Mr. Swettenham, "all these countries excepting Johor and Pahang had been in a very unhappy state." Perak was torn by intestine troubles. Larut was fast becoming a stronghold of pirates. The leaders of this strife, taking a base in the English settlement of Penang, sent orders and supplies to the fighters, "while they were in comparative safety." It was said that in one day three thousand men were killed in one of these disturbances in Larut.

Selangor was even worse, if such a thing were possible. And in all these "States" the feudal lords fought against each other, without any intervention of the respective "sultans." All these disturbances disturbances were overwhelming the sultans with debt, however. Without attempting the least detail, it is enough to say that, excepting Johor and Pahang, all of them were at war; and they were so jealous of each other that their condition was scarcely better.

Under these conditions, Sir Andrew Clarke, the British governor of the Straits Settlements, met the principal Chinese of Penang and of Larut in January, 1874. By treating both factions equally, he effected a reconciliation, which stopped at once all piracy by sea, and made a step toward further mediation.

Of this whole history the interesting detail is given in the papers submitted to the Senate with the Treaty. [The treaty made at Paris is probably referred to.-EDS.] It is perhaps a pity that, in the midst of discussions about borax and salycilic acid, this interesting contribution to the history of peace should have been generally overlooked or disregarded. | Simply, it is the story of the union in one confederacy of nearly twenty different feudal States, each with its wretched "sultan," who were wasting all their were wasting all their resources on mutual wars. If the sultans themselves did not fight, the fighting was done by the lesser chiefs, who correspond precisely in this feudal system | with the barons of Europe in the Middle Ages. Sir Andrew Clarke was the governor of Singapore and the Straits Settlements. By personal visits to these feudal chiefs, he made them understand that England did not want an inch of their territory or a penny of their revenue. A first step was taken in a sort of

union of what were known as the "Nine States." One by one the sultans of the larger States agreed to abandon maratime piracy, and to submit their mutual disputes, not to feudal battles, but to the arbitrament of the English authorities at Singapore.

Those authorities, on the other hand, were ready enough to agree that they would not take either

217

ALASKAN FISHERMEN.

Harper's Round Table.

He

WITH his home-made fishing-tackle, one native Alaskan can capture more fish in a day than can any three white men with their latest improved implements. The Alaskan Indian shows his intelligence by clinging to his own implements and tools, and at the same time in quietly adapting himself to the greatly altered conditions of his environment. will adopt certain of our customs and utensils, but refuses to adopt many others. While he will always give you the most superstitious reasons for clinging to his own time-honored tools, he is quick to decide that the spirits wish him to make use of any new idea which will be an actual benefit under existing conditions.

These Indians use the same fishing-tackle that Bering found them using during his explorations of 1741, and which George Vancouver found during his first visit among them as a midshipmite under the famous Captain Cook, a few years later.

Fish are abundant. Alaskan homes are always near some excellent fishing-grounds. A village is often situated in a certain location simply to be near good halibut banks. Hooks used in fishing for halibut are usually made of a fork of spruce root to which an iron barb has been lashed, the only change from the original being in the iron barb, which sometimes takes the place of the one of bone used in the primitive hook. All bait is secured to the hook by means of a small cedar cord, which is neatly lashed about the hook when it is not in use.

Halibut feed near the bottom of the sea. The Indian has a method, as ingenious as it is rude, to keep his bait where it will be most tempting.

He will tie a stone a few feet above the hook on his line with a slip-loop, which the halibut, in trying to get away, will twitch out, releasing the stone and giving the Indian warning that he can draw up his fifty or a hundred pound halibut without the additional weight of the stone. Between the hook and the stone sinker is a wooden float whittled in the shape of a duck, which in seeking to rise to the

surface, draws the hook up to the proper distance from the bottom.

Steel hooks made after these patterns have been on the market for many years, but the Indian has better success with his own.

His cords and lines are his own production. They are made of cedar bark, split spruce roots, or kelp. The cedar bark is scraped from the tree with a bone shaped like a chopping-knife.

After soaking for several days, the bark is beaten into shreds with a hammer made also of bone, and picked into fine threads, which are twisted into cords by being rubbed between the hand and the thigh. Cords of spruce roots split and twisted are also very strong, but those made of kelp are least valued.

An Indiana Model City.

Cincinnati Enquirer.

INDIANA claims the one model city in the United States-a city where the workingmen own, control, and operate the factories and fix the price of labor. Tell City is the name of this place. It is situated in Perry county. The toilers are formed into companies and operate their factories singly. There is, however, no common purse for citizens. Each man

must make a living for his own family, but the matter of employment is so simplified that the difficulty of this is minimized. The city was founded in 1858 by the Swiss Colonization Society of Cincinnati. Each factory in the city is owned by a stock company of citizens. They were started years ago, the first in 1856, by small sums furnished by individuals. Year by year the business grew, and as soon as a dividend was declared this money was added to that already in the business.

In this way new buildings were erected, and great sums of money were eventually invested in the industries which have made Tell City a flourishing town, and famous as a manufacturing centre of wooden utensils of all kinds. Each stockholder in a factory at Tell City is a workingman. Each company selects its own Board of Managers and Superintendent. These men are always stockholders. Each member of the corporation is entitled to as many votes as he has shares of stock. Each laborer is paid at the end of the week, according to the amount of work done or at a stipulated sum per hour. A dividend is declared annually.

The various industries employ 595 workmen, and represent nearly $700,000 of capital. In addition to this, about 200 men are given employment by the chair factories caning chairs, which work is done by hand at the workmen's homes. The leading products of the city are furniture, desks, mantels, wagons, hubs, hub-blocks, spokes, brooms, baskets, shingles, railroad ties, flour and meal, harness (wooden), staves, barrels, toys, wooden goods, bricks, dressed lumber, etc. There are no unemployed people at Tell City. Everybody is busy and contented. Most of the workingmen own their own homes.

The table shows that in ancient languages both Yale and Princeton adhere to the old ideas, and have each about three times the amount of Harvard under her liberal elective system. All three universities are strong in modern languages, but Harvard exceeds Yale and Princeton in the ratio of about three to two Both Harvard and Yale have gone far beyond Princeton in history. In political science the three are about equal, while Princeton has five times the mathematics of Har

vard and double the mathematics of Yale. All three universities are strong in English, but Harvard has one and a half times the other two. In natural science there is not much disparity, while in philosophy the comparison is partly vitiated by the fact that it is a required study at Yale. Biblical literature, (not appearing in the table), represents at Princeton about 6 per cent. of the curriculum.

The table goes to accent the general fact of much greater conservatism at both Princeton and Yale than at Harvard. In view of the disparities of the elective system at the three universitities the table can only in small degree be regarded as a comparative test of that.

Surviving Industries of Old-Times.

THE primitive manner of life which survives in the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee,-the slopes of the Affalachian ridge,-is described by William Goodell Frost in the Atlantic Monthly. He mentions, among other things, their ability to make articles of domestic use,

If these primitive folk (he says) cannot step to the telephone and by a supernatural fiat "order" whatever may be desired, they can step into the forest and find or fashion some rude substitute. (Though in truth the handmade product is not a substitute, but an archetype). Is the lamp chimney lacking? The mountain potteries are still making flambeaux, lamps of almost classic pattern, in which grease is burned with a floating wick. Is the sawmill remote? In the high mountains where streams are small and mills impracticable the whipsaw is brought into use, and two men will get out three or four hundred feet of boards from the logs in a day. Hand-mills for grinding can still be constructed by well-brought-up mountain men, and in some places they have not yet lost the tradition of the fashioning of the old English crossbow !

And who does not have a feeling akin to reverence in the presence of a hand-loom? When a mountain maid speaks of her "wheel" she does not refer to a bicycle, but to the spinning-wheel of our ancestors, her use of which here in our mountains calls to mind the sudden and entire disappearance of cloth making from the list of household industries. Not a single member of the Sorosis could card, spin, dye, or weave. Their mothers for the most part had forgotten these arts, yet their grandmothers, and their foremothers for a hundred generations, have been spinners. Spinning, in fact, has helped to form the character of our race, and it is pleasant to find that here in Appalachian America it still contributes to the health and grace and skill of womankind.

THE Watchman says: "It is as true of churches as of individuals, that though they give all their goods to feed the poor, but have not love, it profiteth them nothing.”

"ZION'S HERALD" states that Bishop Dwangee, the South African ecclesiastic, is of heathen parentage and ran wild in the jungle until he came under Christian influence. He is now a man of learning and refinement.

A RECENT item says that the agitation in the Catholic Church in upper Austria and Styria, resulting in a remarkable reaction and secession from Catholic ranks, is assuming proportions that may be compared to the crisis in the English Church.

A REMARKABLE ceremony occurred a short time ago at the Isle of Orleans, Canada. An old resident named Pierre Pouliot celebrated his golden wedding, and at the same time his son celebrated his silver wedding, and two sons of the latter were married. The quadruple ceremony attracted an immense crowd to the church.

THE military operations in the Philippine Islands continue, the forces of the United States, directed by General Otis at Manila, having advanced upon the native people's lines. Details of the fighting appear daily in the newspapers, but it is difficult to form any judment as to the actual results. The reports usually state that the Filipino loss of life was "heavy," while only few "casualities were suffered on the American side. There was severe fighting, it is said, on the 13th, and General Otis reports the Filipino loss "as very heavy, while the American loss was thirty-five, mostly slightly wounded.

THE Washington correspondent of the Cleveland Leader, which is regarded as Senator Hanna's organ," telegraphs that the President has made up his mind to keep the Philippine Islands permanently. He says: "It is possible to-night to state, without the slightest qualification or equivocation, that the fixed aim and purpose of the national Administration respecting the Philippine Islands is now, and without doubt will continue to be, to retain the great Asiatic archipelago as a permanent acquisition of the United States. This is a statement of absolute fact; there is no conjecture or surmise about it. Moreover, it is official, and, therefore, sanctioned by highest authority."

THERE has been no announcement what the United States Government will do in reference to the conference invited by the Czar. A dispatch from London, 11th, describes the European governments as actively preparing for it. It says: 'In spite of all disturbing events and rumors, the various Foreign Offices continue to exchange views with great gravity on the forthcoming peace conference at The Hague. Sir Julian Pauncefote, British ambassador at Washington, is mentioned as a probable representative of Great Britain, and the Marquis Visconti di Venosta, of Italy.

In the Legislature of Nebraska, a Republican, M. L. Hayward, was elected United States Senator on the 8th instant. He succeeds Allen, Fusionist. There has been no choice in California. The Legislature of Utah adjourned without electing, and so, also, on the 12th instant, did the Legislature of Delaware. In each case there will be but one Senator from the State named until the Legislature shall meet and elect. In Pennsylvania the dead-lock continues. The investigation, by a committee of the House, of charges of the corrupt use of money, has developed some testimony which supports the charges.

THE steamship Castilian, of the Allan line, from Portland for Liverpool, was wrecked on Gannet Rock, near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, early in the morning of the 12th inst., “in a dense fog, her compasses being destroyed." The passengers. and crew were all saved. The ship is a total loss. She was new, this being her first trip from this side back to England. She was valued at $700,000. The cargo, valued at $400,000, was said to be "the most valuable the Allans have ever shipped from Portland."

THERE has been much concern in southern California over the light rain-fall this season. At Los Angeles, from Ninth month I to Third month 1, six months, there has been

Richards & Shourds, Jobbing attended to.
Carpenters, Builders, and Contractors.
1125 Spring St. (first street above Race), Philad’a.,
Thompson Shourds, 2212 Wallace Street.
Charles W. Richards, 1220 Angle St., Tioga.

CHARLES BURTON,

Practical House and Sign Painter,

Office, 907 N. Thirteenth Street,

Residence, 1714 Woodstock Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

but 2.91 inches. Last year, in the same period, it was 4.30 inches, and in 1897, 14.40 inches. The rainfall after Third month I is usually light, so that the outlook is regarded as rather discouraging. The grain and hay crops it is feared will be a failure. Meantime great efforts are making to increase the artificial supply for drinking and irrigation. Towns and cities are seeking mountain streams, wells are being sunk, and rivers that run underground are being examined.

NEWS AND OTHER GLEANINGS.

It is announced, 13th, that the President has appointed Herbert Putnam, of Boston, Librarian of Congress, in the vacancy caused by the death of John Russell Young. He is now the librarian of the Boston Public Library, and receives a salary of $6,000 a year. The salary at Washington is $5,000, but this, it is said, will be increased.

-President McKinley and his wife, with a number of friends, including Vice-President Hobart and wife, left Washington on the 13th instant, for Thomasville, Georgia, where they will remain two weeks as the guest of United States Senator Hanna.

-The thickest ice cut in the memory of the oldest inhabitants of the shores of Lake Hopatcong, N. Y., was that cut after the recent zero weather. Blocks thirty-three inches in thickness were cut in the deepest part of the lake.

-The Missouri Pacific bridge over the Platte river, south of Omaha, was carried away by the ice on the 14th.

Washable Fabrics

—At Abraham Yerger's sale, in Lower Pottsgrove township, (Montgomery Co.), Pa., the Harleysville News says, a number of old relics were sold, among which were the following: Small size plates, 90 cents; large size, $2.50. Sheets, spun by Mrs. Yerger when 7 years old, $2.50; chair, $3.45 ; eight-cornered teapot, decorated with pictures of landing of Columbus, $2.70. A small money trunk, covered with straw, brought from Germany 207 years ago by the Yerger forefathers, was sold for $2.70.

west.

-The recent cold was exceedingly severe in the NorthAt one station in York State where there was a warehouse full of potatoes, among which were 1,200 bushels of "Green Mountains" belonging to Joseph M. Eastburn, of Langhorne, the thermometer was 48 degrees below zero for two days and nights, and in the effort to keep the tubers from freezing during the night the building caught fire and was burned with all its contents.-[Newtown, Pa., Enterprise.]

-A Cheyenne and Northern passenger train, which has been for three weeks blockaded by the snow, near Iron Mountain, Wyoming, was reported on the 14th, still ten miles beyond the rescuing work train, and that it will require several days to get it out. There were supplies in plenty for the passengers.

—The Appellate Court at Chicago, on the 14th instant, unanimously sustained the decision given by Judge Taney last summer that express companies are obliged to furnish war revenue stamps to all shippers.

Lace Stripe Lawns, regular value 122 cents, at 8 cents a yard. Dotted Swiss Stripes, regular value 25 cents, at 15 cents a yard.

Soft and very heavy-weight Dimity Cords,

regular value 25 cents, at 15 cents a yard. Madras Cloth, regular value 18 cents, at 15 cents a yard.

Lace Stripe Dimities, regular value 25 cents, at 18 cents a yard. Checked Lace Dimities, regular price 18 cents, at 121⁄2 cents a yard.

In all the above numbers there are from three to five patterns each to choose from. The stock is now overflowing with novelties and staple white goods.

The Dinner Pail

is a little 8-page monthly, published by "Silent Workers," an incorporated company of Friends, in the interest of helpful educational work they are doing for the world. Character-building is their aim; "Others" is their motto. Annual subscription 25 cents; stamps will do. Can you spare this much for "others," or send Address "Silent postal for sample copy. Workers," 934-936 Harrison street, San Francisco, Cal., U. S. A.

The Dinner Pail will be whatever its friends make it," writes an interested Friend.

PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILWAY.

ANTHRACITE COAL. NO SMOKE.

NO CINDERS. DOUBLE TRACKED. HEAVY STEEL RAILS. STONE

BALLASTED.

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1899

Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Etc.

A handsome book of 168 pages, profusely illustrated, mailed FREE to those who state where they saw this advertisement.

HENRY A. DREER, 714 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa.