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tions of State legislatures. The supreme executive power is vested in a chief elected by the people and who has the same authority as governor of a State. The judiciary consists of one supreme court, three circuit courts, nine district courts. The school system is very complete. The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Moravians, Episcopalians and Catholics have missions among them.

Dr. Timothy Hill writes: "The tribes of the five nations, Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks and Seminoles, may be called Christians. These tribes are not wasting away, but are increasing, some of them are increasing rapidly. Leaving the five nations, we find mingled class of broken remnants of other Indian nations, some of whom are civilized and educated, but the greater part are Pagans, almost within sound of the church bells in which we worship. There are some 15,000 of these people left to grope their dark way."

In the Cheyenne Agency are 3 missionaries and 102 Indian church members. In the Kiowa Agency are 208 Indian church members and 1 church building. In the Osage Agency is one church building. In the Ponca Agency are 3 missionaries and 2 Indian church members. In the Quapaw Agency are 9 missionaries, 213 Indian church members and 3 church buildings. In the Sac and Fox Agency are 3 missionaries, 56 Indian church members and 2 church buildings.

The missionaries in the Cheyenne Agency are Mennonites, and the Indian Agent reports that "They are the most earnest workers I ever saw engaged in missionary work."

The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions reports in its Creek Mission 3 ordained missionaries, I ordained native, 1 licentiate, 3 churches, 178 communicants, 2 male and 8 female missionary teachers, 3 boarding schools with 190 pupils. The boarding school at Wealaka has 100 pupils, and the superintendent says "A more contented, happier, better-behaved company of children I have never seen. They study well, work well, and play with a vim." The Seminole mission reports ordained missionary, 2 ordained native ministers, 2 licentiates, 2 male and 6 female missionary teachers, 9 native teachers, 2 churches with 65 communicants, 45 boys and 18 girls in boarding school. The Choctaw Mission has had one ordained minister and his wife in charge of Spencer Academy, a high school for boys, with from 80 to 100 pupils, but the school has this fall passed into the control of the tribe.

The Agent of the Ponca Agency reports: "The Ladies' Home Missionary Society of the Methodist

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They gash their arms and le chests, pass ropes through th selves from the center of the tears the flesh loose. They out food and water until exh

The Indian Conference o Church, South, reports 4,850 In Iowa are 380 Sac and 1 Fox Agency. There are two Presbyterian Board of Forei

In KANSAS the Pottawat Agency reports 966 Indian There are 76 Chippewas and Kickapoos, 430 Pottawatomi There are 2 missionaries, 21 and 2 church buildings.

The Indian Agent reports have an intense devotion to a to have adopted as a means the justice and mercy of the devotion to him, and are ea to its affording them eternal

The Presbyterian Board o one missionary and his wi Moravian Church has also a

In MAINE are 410 Oldtown MICHIGAN has 9,572 Ind blood. They are in the Mach 9.500 Chippewas and Ottawa There are 4 church buildin members.

MINNESOTA has 5,885 I blood. They are in the Whi two-thirds are Chippewas an

There are 8 missionaries, bers and 12 church buildings pal Church has extensive mis

MONTANA has 12,642 Indi In the Blackfeet Agency are and Piegans; Crow Agency ennes; Flathead Agency, 45 886 Pend d' Oreilles; Fort H aboines, 852 Gros Ventres; Assinaboines, 2,332 Yankton

In the Flathead Agency ar church members and I chur Peck Agency are 1 missiona Boarding School, and 38 Ind

o occupy the field."

missionary, 60 Indian cl

church members and 2 ch

The Agent of the Fort Belknap Agency says: "Noth-buildings. In the Ono ng has been done toward giving religious instruction to ›ur Indians, and not much can be done until they have been taught in the schools and have enough to eat. They will not take much stock in the white man's religon while their stomachs are empty."

NEBRASKA has 3,566 Indians and 770 of mixed blood. In Santee and Flandreau Agency are 178 Poncas and 1,086 Sioux. In Omaha and Winnebago Agency are 1,188 Omahas and 1,214 Winnebagos.

There are 7 missionaries, 367 Indian church members and 5 church buildings in the Santee Agency, and 3 missionaries, 85 Indian church members and 1 church building in the Omaha and Winnebago Agency.

The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions reports. among the Winnebagos one missionary and his wife, and among the Omahas 2 male missionaries and their wives, and 3 female missionaries, 61 communicants, 54 scholars in the girls' boarding school. "In hardly any other Indian mission has there been more marked proofs of evangelizing labors resulting in civilizing the character and the industry of the people."

Among the Santees the Protestant Episcopal Mission has three churches and two schools. The American Missionary Association has a large Normal school and 210 pupils, of whom 20 are students of theology.

NEVADA has 7,357 Indians and 9 of mixed blood. In the Nevada Agency are 3,600 Pah-Utes, 157 Pi-Utes; Western Shoshone Agency, 300 Western Shoshones, 3,300 wandering Indians.

Regis Indians are 65 I church building. In the Indian church members a Tuscarora Reserve are and 2 church buildings. Foreign Missions reports dained missionaries, 4 chi

NORTH CAROLINA has 3 Eastern band of Cherokee dustrious. The Methodis carrying on missionary wo cess, many of the band bei In OREGON are 5,119 In In Grande Ronde Agency Rivers, 121 Umpquas, 51 Klamath Agency, 763 Klan Siletz Agency, 907 of 18 d

cy, 240 Walla Wallas, 340 ( Spring Agency, 396 Warm inos, 61 John Days, 69 P Indians not under an agen

In the Grande Ronde A Indian church members an Klamath Agency are 260 I church building. In the S church members. In the sionary, 506 Indian church ings. In the Warm Spring

Some mission work is being done by the Baptists in Indian church members an the Nevada Agency.

NEW MEXICO has 32,087 Indians and 75 of mixed blood. In the Pueblo Agency are 7,762 Pueblos; Navajo Agency 21,003 Navajos, 2,139 Moquis Pueblos ; Mescalero Agency, 462 Mescalero Apaches, 721 Jicarilla Apaches.

In the Pueblo Agency are 19 church buildings and 7,762 Indian members belonging to the Roman Catholic Church.

"The Mescaleros have five gods, or Great Spirits. They believe that their medicine men hold direct communication with these spirits. No missionary has taken up his abode among them."

In NEW YORK are 4,970 Indians and 2,890 of mixed blood. They are all in the New York Agency. On the Allegany Reserve are 856 Senecas, 79 Onondagas, 4 Tonawandas; Cattaraugus Reserve, 1,303 Senecas, 49 Onondagas, 151 Cayugas, 9 Tonawandas; Oneida Reserve,

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The Presbyterian Board at Umatilla one native mis lics have a boarding school Ronde Agency. The Metl two missionaries in the KI Presbyterian Church supp Warm Spring Agency.

TEXAS has 290 Alabamas In UTAH are 2,664 India In the Ouray Agency are Agency, 508 Uintah Utes, are 134 Pah-Vants and 256 agent.

In the Uintah Valley Age members. The Agent of 1 "There has been no mission Indians since the establishn the Mormons."

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Georgetowns; Nisqually and S'Kokomish Agency, 560 Puyallups, 190 Chehalis, 180 Nisquallys, 120 Squaxins, 380 S'Klallams, 201 S'Kokomish; Tulalip Agency, 467 Tulalips, 142 Madisons, 85 Muckleshoots, 222 Swinomish, 248 Lummis; Yakama Agency, 1,272 Yakamas, Klickitats and Topnish, also 2,000 Yakamas not on Reserve.

The Roman Catholics have prosperous missions in several of the agencies. The American Missionary Association reports in the S'Kokomish Agency 49 church. members.

WISCONSIN has 7,902 Indians and 2,021 of mixed blood. In the Green Bay Agency are 1,595 Oneidas, 133 Stockbridges, 1,308 Menomonees; La Pointe Agency, 3,656 Chippewas. Also 930 Winnebagos and 280 Pottawatomies not under an agent.

The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions reports. in its Lake Superior Chippewa Mission 2 ordained missionaries, I ordained native, 1 licentiate, 3 female missionary teachers, I church, 73 communicants, 53 pupils in boarding and day schools. "The work is. attended with much discouragement, as these Indians, like all other branches of the Chippewas, and, indeed,

nearly all the scattered fragments of our aboriginal

tribes, have been disheartened, and rendered unimpressible, often morose and sullen, by the abuses which they have suffered at the hands of the Government and of white settlers."

The Roman Catholics report among the Menomonees 2 churches and a boarding school, and the La Pointe Agency one church and 2 schools.

WYOMING has 1,841 Indians and 15 of mixed blood. They are in the Shoshone Agency where there are 870 Shoshone and 971 Northern Arapahoes.

There are 3 missionaries, 1 church, 1 Indian church member. The mission work is under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal and Roman Catholic Churches.

SCHOOLS. The United States Indian School Superintendent reports that for the year closing June 30, 1885, there were $887,276 02 expended by the Government for Indian education in supporting 200 schools which had an average attendance of 8,143.17. These amounts were supplemented by contributions from religious societies and others. There were 84 boarding schools and 86 day schools under agency supervision, 7 training schools and 23 other schools in States and Territories.

A mission boarding school with an average attendance of 35 pupils is maintained by the Friends on the Allegany Reservation in New York, at an expense of $4,000 per year; and the Roman Catholics have a mis

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Swain Co., N. C., under a c the Society of Friends.

New York State furnish have an attendance of 563 orphan asylum, supported b

of 86 inmates.

At a cost of $9,382, reli tained 31 mission day scho ance of 452 pupils, in the foll River, Dakota, American schools; Devil's Lake, Dak Foreign Missions, 2 school American Missionary Assoc Montana, Presbyterian Bo schools; Green Bay, Wi Church, 1 school; La Poin Board of Foreign Missions, olic Church, 4 schools; Ne pal Church, I school; Nez Board of Foreign Missions, 2 sas, Moravians, I school; E Episcopal Church, 3 schools Presbyterian Board of F can Missionary Association, These are all supported with

There are outside of the of the five civilized tribes of Indian schools. Of these schools, supported in whole ment, 28 are boarding and d State of New York, and 33 ar supported by religious soc average attendance of 9,314

The seven Indian training Carlisle, at Carlisle, Pa., 38 last year, $79,852; Chilocco, a 26 employés, 152 pupils, c lately removed to Salem, O pils, cost, $33,160; Genoa, ployés, 86 pupils, cost, $27, ton Va., 119 pupils, cost, $: rence, Kansas, 34 employés, Lincoln, at Philadelphia, Pa. The total annual cost to th $273,054.04.

Dr. M. E. Gates, writes: should be rapidly decreased pauperism, and increased alc educated self-support. Gua

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for the assignment of Reservations for their use seemed to imply that the Indians owned the land in fee simple.

But the courts now hold that except when Indians have had lands confirmed to them by a distinct treaty they have a right of occupancy only, and not a fee simple title. For a long time our Government made treaties with the Indians as if they were inferior and weak yet independent nations. But since 1872 Congress has forbidden the formation of treaties with them, and all agreements now made with bands or tribes are in the form of laws.

All of Pennsylvania and many other large tracts of land have been bought of the Indians, but much of it has been obtained by violence or fraud. At the present time the Indians hold a peculiar and anomalous relation to the Government; being neither citizens nor foreigners they are sometimes called its wards.

The 260,000 Indians, exclusive of those in Alaska, occupy about 143,000,000 acres of land, most of it lying west of the Mississippi. Of this vast domain, however, only 17,000,000 acres are tillable; the rest is fit for pasturage only, if good for anything. This land is held by original occupation, by treaty cession, or by Executive orders whereby certain tracts are set apart for the use of particular tribes by order of the President. If the Indians would make an intelligent use of their lands many of them might become rich, yet it must be admitted that too often when Indians have brought land under good cultivation it has been cruelly taken away by white invaders.

With certain exceptions, Indian Reservations ought to be surveyed, their boundaries defined, and then they should be laid out in sections, except in the case of some sterile districts which can be used only for herding. Every Indian willing to do so, and all who are fit should be strongly urged to it, should be induced to select a portion of land as his own, should receive a certificate of allotment for it from the Government and at a specified period have a clear patent for it. Such Indians should have every proper aid to cultivate the land and derive a profit from it. The remainder of the lands should be held as a reserve for grazing cattle upon, for allotment to the children should the tribe increase, and for sale to the United States at a just price when the Indians are consenting to it.

The Indians should have their personal safety secured and their property defended against trespass or robbery just as fully as if they were citizens. A clause in the Indian appropriation bill for 1855, places the Indians

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except a few Apaches, whose surrendered to General Miles Congress appropriated thi the Indian service. Most of

or payment in food, clothing ceded to us by them. Unde tary of the Interior through missioner of Indian Affairs, these funds and all matters sides these officials at Washi Indian Agents. These are Indians, each having one or r vision. The Department of supplies, ships them to the r Agency for which they are the regulation of the Agen property rights of the India laws against the sale of into: intrusion upon their lands, a Indian Offenses" governed b The Agent lives among his I and certifies to their correctn them from the railroad to th according to regulations and penditures. He must gain his Indians, advise them, urg to do so, distribute impleme are dealt with fairly by the them yearly, induce them. school, plan the school bui their erection, select the tea their duty. He must organiz dians and by their help adm dian Offenses." He must contractors, bear with the p his Indians and their unwillin complicated accounts, suffe and Indians who hate Ind perhaps be sued before a U explanation of his honest ex funds does not satisfy the Tu As rapidly as it can be s clothing supplied to the Ind and the funds applied to othe ures for their civilization, as dren, the purchase of stock c the improvement of their hor

There are about 50,000 In in school. Of these about school at least one month of

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