St. Lawrence River, discovered, 16; region
of settled by the French, 17.
St. Leger, Colonel Barry (E.), expedition
of, 172, 174.

St. Louis, Mo., in 1830, 280, 281; in 1870,
417; exposition at, 464.

St. Mary's, Md., founding of, 42; rivalry
with Annapolis, 43-44.

St. Philip, Fort, 352.
"Salary Grab," 399.

Salem, Mass., settlement of, 58; witch-

craft craze in, 112-113.

Salmon Falls, N. H., Indian massacre at,
123.

Sampson, Admiral William T., 451.
San Antonio, Mexico, battle of, 310.
Sanitary Commission, 379-380.
San Jacinto, battle of, 304.
San Juan, battle of, 452.

Santa Anna, Mexican general, 303, 304,
308, 310.

Santa Fé, founded by the Spanish, 16.
Santiago de Cuba, capture of, 451-452.
Saratoga, battles of, 175-176.

Savannah, settled, 51; captured by the
British, 186; taken by Sherman, 375.
Saybrook, Fort, 71.
"Scalawags,"_39.

Schenectady, N. Y., Indian massacre at,

122-123.

Schley, Commodore W. S., 451.

Schofield, General John McA. (U.), at
battle of Franklin, 375.
Schools, see Education.

Schuyler, General Philip (A.), hinders
Burgoyne's march, 173, 174; succeeded
by Gates, 175.

Scotch Highlanders, in the colonies, 47, 48,
52; in the Revolutionary War, 181.
Scotch-Irish, in the colonies, 47, 48, 97-98.
Scott, Dred, 326-327.

Scott, General Winfield (A.), in the War

of 1812, 253; ordered to Charleston by
Jackson, 299; captures City of Mexico,
309-310; candidate for the Presidency,
320-321; in command of Union forces,
341-342.

Scrooby, 54.

Search, Right of, 241, 243, 246.
Secession, first threats of, 299, 314; of
South Carolina, 332-333; of other

Southern States, 333.

Sedition Laws, alien and, 232, 233..
Self-government, see Representative Gov-

ernment.

Seminary Ridge, 360, 361.

Seminole Indians, 259, 426.

Senate, United States, formation of, 208;
workings of, 210-211.
Separatists, 53, 54, 64.

"Serapis" and "Bon Homme Richard,"
battle of, 185.

Settlement, movement of, 181, 203-204,

214-215, 226, 257-258, 282, 313-314,
322, 415. See also West.
"Seven Days' Battle," 355-356.
Seventeenth Amendment, 470.
Seven Years' War, 129.

Sevier, John, settles Tennessee, 181.
Seward, William H., portrait, 337; and
the Compromise of 1850, 315, 317;
Secretary of State under Lincoln, 337.

Sewing Machine, invention of, 290.
Seymour, Horatio, governor of New York,
367; candidate for the Presidency, 391.
Shackleton, Captain, 468.

Shadrach, fugitive slave, 319.

Shafter, General William R., commands
army in Cuba, 452.

"Shannon," English frigate, defeats the
"Chesapeake," 250.

Sharpsburg (Antietam), battle of, 357.
Shay's Rebellion, 202, 206.

"Shenandoah," Confederate cruiser, 374.
Shenandoah Valley, 354, 355, 371.
Sheridan, General Philip H. (U), at bat-
tles of Winchester and Cedar Creek,
371-372; cuts off Lee's army, 376-377;
takes Five Forks, 377; and the French
in Mexico, 394.

Sherman Act, 410; repeal of, 412-413.
Sherman, John, portrait, 410; author of
the Sherman Act, 410.

Sherman, Roger, portrait, 208; in the first
Continental Congress, 153; and the
Declaration of Independence, 164; in
the Constitutional Convention, 207.
Sherman, General William T (U.), portrait,
374; in the battles around Chattanooga,
365, 366; in command in the West, 370;
campaign against Atlanta, 372;
march to the coast, 374-375; at battle
of Bentonville, 376; receives surrender
of Johnston, 377.

his

Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing), battle of, 350-

rency.

Sioux Indians, 425-426.

Six Nations, see Five Nations.
Sixteenth Amendment, 470.

Slater, John F., his gift for the education of
negroes, 432.

Slater, Samuel, portrait, 216; establishes
first "factory" in the United States,

216.
Slavery, beginnings of in America, 34; in
the colonies, 48, 96, 114, and the Ordi-
nance of 1787. 204; and the Constitu-
tion, 208-209; in 1790, 219-220; and
the Missouri Compromise, 259-260;
abolition of, 299-302, 303, 318, 388; and
the Dred Scott Decision, 326; Lincoln's
attitude toward, 336, 357-359.

Slidell, John, Confederate commissioners,
346.

Sloughter, royal governor, 85.

Smith, General Kirby (C.), surrender of,
378.

Smith, Captain John, portrait, 27; saves
Jamestown, 28-29; and Pocahontas,
28, note 1; explores and names New
England, 52-53.

Smith, Joseph, Mormon Leader, 282.
Smuggling, 116, 137, 139, 140.
Social Classes, in European countries, 14:
in the colonies, 31, 49, 57, 79, 90, 98–99
136.
Socialist Party, 459, 465, 466, 467, 469.

"Sons of Liberty," 141-142, 146.
South, and North, differences between,

294: attacks the tariff, 295-299; and
the abolitionists, 299-302; seeks slave
territory, 250-260, 282-283, 303-310.
321-324 secedes, 332-334; conditions
in, 340-341; 380-381, reconstruction
of, 386-304; the new, 428-434.
South America, discovered and explored,
11-12, 15 revolutions in, 267, 447.
South Carolina, early settlers of, 48; ne-
groes in, 48, 96; in the Revolution, 161-
162, 186-187; and the slavery question,
209; nullification in, 298-299; secedes,
332-333.

South Dakota, admitted, 418.
Spain, Columbus in, 8-9; and the Line of
Demarcation, 12; government and in-
stitutions of, 13, 14, 447; her claims in
America, 14-15: founds settlements,
16, 17; makes war on England, 177;
and the treaty of peace, 195-196; se-
cures region west of the Mississippi, 217-
218; sells Florida, 259; and the South
American republics, 267; in Cuba, 283,
446-448; war with, 446-456.
Spanish-American War, 446-456.
"Specie Circular," 275-276.
Specie Payments, resumption of, 400.
Spoils System," 273-274, 405.
Spottsylvania, battle of, 370.

"Squatter Sovereignty," see Popular Sov-
ereignty.

Stage, overland, 415.
Stamp Act, 141-145.
Standish, Miles, 56.

Stanton, Edwin McM., Secretary of War
under President Johnson, 390.
Stanwix, Fort, 174-175.

Stark, General John (A.), at battle of
Bunker Hill, 158; at battle of Ben-
nington, 173-174.

"Stars and Bars," 334.

"Stars and Stripes," see Flags.

"Star Spangled Banner," composition of,
254. note 1.

"Starving Time," in Jamestown, 29.
State Banks, see Banks.

State Debts, see Debt.

States, under the Articles of Confederation,
198-199; trade between, 201, 407; cede
lands to Congress, 203-204; representa-
tion of in Congress, 208.

States' Rights, doctrine of, 225, 233, 297.
State Sovereignty, 198-199; See also

States' Rights.

Steam, use of, 216, 240, 260-261, 263-264.
289-290.

Steamboat, invention of, 217; develop-
ment of, 260-261; 291-292, 434.
Steel, 436-437-

Stephens, Alexander H., portrait, 334:
Vice-President of the Confederacy, 334.
Stephenson, George, inventor of the loco-
motive, 264.

Steuben, Baron, portrait, 179: his services
to the Continental army, 178-179, 188;
in the South, 192.

Stevens, Thaddeus, portrait. 389.
Stevenson, Adlai E., elected Vice-President,

411.

Stillwater, battle of, 175.

Stone River (Murfreesboro), battle of, 353-
354.

Stony Point, captured by Wayne, 183.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, portrait, 320;
author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 320.
Strict Construction, 225, 238, 256, 270.
Strikes, labor, 440-442.

Stuart, Generai J. E. B. (C.), cavalry lead-

er, 355.

Stuyvesant, Peter, Dutch governor, 80-83,

86.

Submarine Cable, see Cable.

Suffrage, 73, 208, 221, 271, 389, 469, 470.
"Sugar Act," 137.

Sullivan, General John (A.), his expedi-
tion against the Six Nations, 180-181.
Sumner, Charles, assault on, 324.
Sumner, General E. V. (U.), in Kansas,

323; at the battle of Fair Oaks, 354.
Sumter, Fort, 334, 337-338, 376.
"Sumter," Confederate privateer, 346.
Sumter, Thomas (A.), revolutionary leader,
186-187, 191.

Supreme Court, see Courts.

Surplus, distribution of, 275, 408.
Swedes, settle Delaware, 85-86.

TAFT, William H., appointed governor of
the Philippines, 457; elected President,
466; portrait, 467.

299;

Tariff, Hamilton's, 223; of 1816, 257, 295;
the political parties and, 270 of 1824,
296; of 1828, 296; the South attacks,
295-296; Clay's Compromise,
during the Civil War, 383; new bill.470
See also special tariff bills.
Tarleton, Colonel Sir Banastre (E.), at
battle of the Cowpens, 190-191.
Taxation, in the colonies, 36, 57, 60, 67,
80, 93, 134; leads to the Revolution,
139-150; under the Confederation, 199,
201; discussion of in the Constitutional
Convention, 208-209; by the Govern-
ment, 223, 224, 383, 384-385, 408, 413.
See also the Tariff.

Taylor, Zachary, portrait, 307; ordered
to the Rio Grande, 306-307; his vic-
tories, 307-309; candidate for the
Presidency, 308-309, 312; elected Presi-
dent, 312; and the admission of Cali-
fornia, 313; death of, 318.

Tea, tax on, 145, 148, 149-150.
Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, joins British,
248, killed at battle of Thames, 252.
Telegraph, invention of, 203; cable, 293-
294; wireless, 438, 467, 468.
Telephone, invention, of, 438.
Temperance Movement, origin of, 283-
284; and the Prohibition party, 397;
development of, 431.

Tennessee, settlement of, 181; admitted,
257; secedes, 340; the Civil war in,
350, 365, 366.

Tenure of Office Act, 300.

Territorial Expansion, 237, 258-259, 306,
311, 395, 454, 461-462.
Territories of the United States, begin-
nings, 203-205; the slavery question,
204, 259-260, 310, 313, 315, 317, 321,
326-327, 331; a new kind of, 460-461.

Texas, becomes a republic, 303-304; ad-
mission of, 283; 304-306, secedes, 333.
Thames River, battle of, 252.
Thayer, Eli, sends free-state emigrants to
Kansas, 322.

Thomas, General George H. (the "Rock
of Chickamauga"), portrait, 365; in
the war with Mexico, 309; wins battle
of Mill Spring, 349; at battle of Chick-
amauga, 365; at battle of Missionary
Ridge, 366; at battle of Nashville, 375.
Ticonderoga Fort, attacked by the Eng-
lish, 130; abandoned by the French,
131; taken by Ethan Allen, 160; cap-
tured by Burgoyne, 173.

Tilden, Samuel J., portrait, 400; candidate
for the Presidency, 400-402.
Tippecanoe, battle of, 247-248; and the
Harrison campaign, 277.

Tobacco, introduced into England, 20;
in the colonies, 31, 52, 114.
Toleration, see Religious Toleration.
Topeka Constitution, 323.

Tories, 145, 161, 165, 173, 180, 186, 189,
218.

Toscanelli, Italian geographer, sends map
to Columbus, 7.

Town Meetings, in Plymouth colony, 57;
abolished by Andros, 67; and the Regu-
lating Act, 151.
Trade, see Commerce.
Training Day, 106-107.

Transportation, in the colonies, 117, de-
velopment of the means of, 216-218,
240, 260-264, 291-292, 434-435, 437.
Transportation Act, 151.

Travel, see Transportation,
Treasury, United States, (Independent),
established, 276; opposed by Clay, 278-
279; and the national banks, 384; re-
sumes specie payment, 400; surplus in,
408; silver reserve, 403, 410, gold re-
serve, 412, 413.

Treat, royal governor, 74.
Treaties, between the Virginians and
Cromwell, 37; with the Indians, 56,
77-78, 93-94, 126, 226; of Utrecht,
124; of 1763, 133; between France and
the United States, 177; of peace with
England, 195-196; John Jay's, 229-
230; of Ghent, 255; with Japan, 292;
Webster-Ashburton, 306; Guadalupe
Hidalgo, 311; of peace with Spain
453-454-

Trent Affair, 346.

Trenton, battle of, 168; Washington's
reception at, 221.

Tulane, Paul, endows college in Louisiana,
432.

Turks, close routes to India, 3; their re-
ligion, 3; take Constantinople, 3.
Tuscarora Indians, 126, note 1.
"Tweed Ring," 401.

Tyler, John, portrait, 304; becomes
President, 279; opposes the Whigs, 279;
and the Texas question, 304, 306.
Typewriter, invention of, 438.

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN, 320.
"Underground Railroad," 319.

Union, Albany plan of, 126-127; prepara-
tion of the colonies for, 135; struggle
for a permanent, 198-213.
Union Pacific Railroad, building of, 416.
Unions, Labor, 439-440.

United States, formation of, 163-164;
under the Articles of Confederation,
198-206; adopt the Constitution, 211-
213.

Universities, see Colleges.

University Extension, 445–446.

Utah, settled by the Mormons, 282; or-
ganized as a territory, 318; silver in,
415; driving the golden spike, 416; ad-
mitted, 418.

Utrecht, treaty of, 124.

VAIL, Alfred, inventor, 292.

Valley Forge, Washington's winter at,

177-179.

Van Buren, Martin, portrait, 277; elected
President, 276; secures Independent
Treasury, 276; candidate of Free Soil
party, 312.

Van Dorn, General Earl (C.), 353.
Vane, Sir Henry, royal governor, 62.
Van Rensselaer, Dutch patroon, 79.
Van Rensselaer, General Stephen (A.), at
battle of Queenstown Heights, 248.
Venezuelan Dispute, 414.

Venice, ancient trade routes from, 3.
Vera Cruz, battle of, 309; occupation of, 471.
Vermont, admitted, 257-258.
Verplanck's Point, fortification of, 183.
Verrazano, Giovanni da, Italian explorer
under the French flag, 16.

Vespucci, Amerigo, portrait, 12; his ex-
plorations, 11-12; America named for, 12.
Veto Power, 210.

Vice-President, method of electing, 210.
Vicksburg, Grant's campaign around, 362-
363; siege and surrender of, 363-364.
Vincennes, founded, 121; taken by George
Rogers Clark, 182.

Vinland, visited by the Northmen, 2.
Virginia, origin if the name, 9; charters
of, 25, 30, 31, 35; settlement of, 25-41;
her struggles with Maryland, 43-45; so-
cial life in, 100-101; leads movement
for independence, 167; cedes western
lands, 198, 204; and the Constitutional
Convention, 206, 207; her efforts for
peace, 335; secedes, 340; the Civil War
in, 342, 354-357, 369-372, 376-377.
"Virginia Plan," 207.

Virginia Resolutions, 232-233.
Vote, see Suffrage.

Warner, Seth, at battle of Bennington,
173-174.

Warren, General Gouverneur K. (U.), at
battle of Gettysburg, 361.

Warren, General Joseph (A.), at battle of
Bunker Hill, 158, 159.

in

Washington, organized as a territory, 280;
gold and silver in, 417-418.
Washington, D. C., capital of the United
States, 235: burning of, 253-254:
threatened by the Confederates, 341, 371.
Washington, Fort, 166, 167.
Washington, George, portrait, frontis-
piece; sent to the West, 125, 126; in
Braddock's expedition, 127-128;
expedition against Fort Duquesne, 130-
131; in the first Continental Congress,
153; made commander-in-chief, 159-
160; drives British from Boston, 161;
his campaign around New York, 166-
168; in New Jersey, 167-171; at bat-
tles of the Brandywine and German-
town, 171-172; at Valley Forge, 177-
178; at battle of Monmouth, 179-180;
at Yorktown, 193-195; takes leave
of the army, 196-197; favors a strong
government, 202; made president of
the Constitutional Convention, 207;
President of the United States, 221-
230; establishes policy of neutrality,
228; death of, 230.

Washington, Colonel William (A.), at the
battle of the Cowpens, 190-191.
Watertown, Mass., settlement of, 59; de-
mands representation, 60.
Wayne, Anthony ("Mad Anthony") (A.),
captures Stony Point, 183; in the South,
192; defeats the Indians in the West,

321.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 306.
Wesley, Charles and John, 51.
West, the French in, 117-121, 124-128;
in the Revolution, 181-182; govern-
ment in, 204-205; movement of settle-
ment to, 214-215, 226-227, 257-258,
260, 270-282, 313-314, 322, 415-420;
exploration of, 238-239.

West India Company, 78.
West Indies, explored by Columbus, 11;
claimed by Spain, 14; trade with, 114,
137, 184, 201, 229, 241.

West Point, fortification of, 183; betrayed
by Arnold, 183-184.

West Virginia, admitted, 340; protected
by McClellan, 343.

Western Lands, see Public Lands.
"Western Reserve," 204.
Whalley, Edward, regicide. 73.
Whig Party, origin of, 260-270; win elec-

tion of 1840, 277-278; opposed by
Tyler, 270; in the campaign of 1844.
304, 305; win election of 1848, 312:
defeated in 1852, 320; division of, 325.

36

Whigs, in England and the colonies, 145,
177, 195.

Whisky Rebellion, 225-226.
"Whisky Ring," 400.

White House Landing, McClellan at, 354,

355.

White Plains, battle of, 167.

Whitman, Marcus, leads settlers to the
Oregon region, 305.

Whitney, Eli, inventor, 220.

Whittier, John Greenleaf, 265-266.
"Wildcat" Banks, see Banks.
Wilderness, battle of, 370.

Wilkes, Captain Charles (U.), searches the
"Trent," 346.

William and Mary, English rulers, 45, 68,
85, 122; college of, 40-41, 109.
Williams, Roger, banished from Massa-
chusetts, 61-62; founds Rhode Island,
61-62, 75-76; keeps Indians from war-
fare, 71; secures a charter from Parlia-
ment, 76; establishes religious tolera-
tion, 76.

Williamsburg, Va., in 1750, 96; govern-
or's reception at, 100-101.
Wilmot Proviso, 310-311.

Wilson, James, portrait, 212; and the
Constitution, 207, 213.

Wilson, William L., author of the Wilson
Tariff Bill, 413.

Wilson, Woodrow, portrait, 469; elected
President, 1912, 469.

Wilson's Creek, battle of, 349.
Winchester, General (A.), defeated at the
River Raisin, 251.

Winchester, battle of, 371.

Winslow, Edward, Pilgrim governor, 56.
Winthrop, Governor John, portrait, 58;
his ideas of government, 61.
Winthrop, John, Jr., 70–71, 73.
Wisconsin, admitted, 283.

Witchcraft Craze, in Salem, 112-113.
Wolfe, General James (E.), portrait, 132;
in expedition against Louisburg, 130;
takes Quebec, 131-133; death of, 132-133.
Woman Suffrage, 469, 470.

Wood, Leonard, portrait, 460; governor.
general of Cuba, 455, 460.

Worden, Lieutenant John L. (U.), com-
mander of the "Monitor," 348.

World's Fair, of 1853, 290-291; at Chi-
cago, 443.

Wright Brothers, 468.

Writs of Assistance, 130-140.
Wyoming Valley, Indian massacre at, 180.
X-RAYS, 438.

X. Y. Z. Affair, 231.

YALE UNIVERSITY, founded, 108.

Yeardley, Sir George, royal governor, 31-