Abolition, societies formed, 300; in the
District of Columbia, 301, 315, 318, by
Mexico, 303.

Abraham, Heights of, 132.

Acadia (Nova Scotia), 17, 124, 128.
Acts and Bills in Congress, method of pro-

cedure, 210. See also Congress, and
special names of acts.

Acts of Parliament, affecting the colonies,
38, 136-137; leading to the Revolution,
139, 140, 145, 148, 151-152, 177.
Adams, Charles Francis, candidate for
Vice-Presidency, 312; minister to Eng-
land, 373.

Adams, John, portrait, 231; in the First
Continental Congress, 153; in the Sec-
ond Continental Congress, 159; and
the movement for independence, 163-
164; and the treaty of peace, 195-196;
minister to England, 207; elected Vice-
President, 221; elected President, 230-
231; defeated by Jefferson, 233-234.
Adams, John Quincy, portrait, 269; and
the Monroe Doctrine, 267-268; elected
President, 260; and the National Re-
publican, or Whig, party, 270; defeated
by Jackson, 272-273; defends the right
of petition, 301-302; death of, 302.
Adams, Samuel, portrait, 146; opposes
Stamp Act, 142; demands removal of
British Troops, 147; and Committees of
Correspondence, 149; and the tea ships,
150; in the First Continental Congress,
152-153: escapes British, 152, 155; and
the Constitution, 207, 212.
Admiralty Courts, 140.
Aeroplane, 468.

Africa, early voyages around, 4-5.
Agricultural Colleges, established, 444.
Agriculture, in the colonies, 31, 43, 52,
113, 114-115; in 1790, 215; effect of
inventions on, 285-288; later improve-
ments in, 418-421, 423-424, 427; in the
New South, 428, 431.

Aguinaldo, Philippine leader. 457.
Alabama, admitted, 258; secedes, 333.
"Alabama," Confederate cruiser, 373, 395.
Alabama Claims, 395-396.

Alamance, battle of, 147.

Alamo, battle of the, 303-304.
Alaska, purchase of, 395.

Alaska Boundary Dispute, 462-464.

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 467.

U. Union. C. Confederate

Albany (Fort Orange), founded, 77. 78
named, 83, in 1750, 96, colonial con-
ference at, 126-127.

Albany Plan of Union, 126–127.
Albemarle, N. C., founded, 46.
"Albemarle," Confederate ram, destroyed,

374.

Algonquin Indians, 24, 80, 117-118.
Alien and Sedition Laws, 232, 233.
Allen, Ethan, takes Ticonderoga, 160.
Amendments, see Constitution.
America, Central, expeditions against
283, revolution in, 446.

America, North, visited by the Northmen,
2; discovered by Columbus, 10; nam-
ing of, 12; exploration of, 1-25; colo-
nization of, 25-95; struggle between the
English and French for, 117-135; the
Revolution in, 136-197; the Monroe
Doctrine, 267-268, 394, 395.

America, South, visited by Columbus, 13;
the Spanish in, 14, 267, 446; revolu
tions in, 267; the Monroe Doctrine, 267-
268, 414..

American Association, 154.
American Flag, see Flags.

American Party, see "Knownothing" Party.
American Revolution, see Revolution.
"American System," 270.

Amherst, General Jeffrey (E.), 130, 131.
Amnesty, proclamations of, 386, 387; Act
of. 394.

Amundsen, Captain Roald, 468.
Anarchists' Riot, 441.

Anderson, Major Robert (U.), at Fort

Sumter, 334, 337-338.

André, Major John (E.), capture and exe-
cution of, 184.

Andros, Sir Edmund, portrait, 68; strikes
at New England liberty, 67-68, 74; in
New York, 84.

Annapolis (Port Royal), 124.

Annapolis, Md., Congress meets in, 196-
197, trade convention in, 206.
Annexation, of Texas, 304-306; of Hawaii,
454.

Antietam (Sharpsburg), battle of, 357.
Anti-Masonic Party, 274.

Anti-Rent Riots, 279.

Anti-Slavery Movement, beginnings of,
259-260; revival of, 209-302. See also
Abolition, Slavery, Emancipation, Gar-
rison, William Lloyd,etc.

Anti-Slavery Party, formed, 302. See also
Liberty Party.

Armistead, General Lewis A. (C.), at the
battle of Gettysburg, 361.

Army, United States, beginning of, 179;
dissatisfaction in, 200, 201; increased
for war with France, 231-232; reduced
by Jefferson, 236; in 1812, 247; in the
war with Mexico, 307-310; advantages
of in the war for the Union, 341; losses
of, 379, 380, 381; in the war with Spain,
450, 452, 455; in China, 458.

Arnold, General Benedict (A.), at Quebec,
160; at Bemis Heights, 175; treachery
of, 183-184; with Cornwallis in the
South, 192.

Art, American, 266.

Arthur, Chester A., portrait, 405; elected
Vice-President, 404. succeeds to the
Presidency, 405. authorizes building
of a steel navy, 437-

Articles of Confederation, see Confederation.
Ashburton Treaty, 306.

Assemblies, colonial, see Colonial.
"Assistants," governors', 58, 60, 61.
Assumption Bill, 223-224.
Atlantic Cable, 293-294.
Atchison, Kan., settled, 322.

Atlanta, Sherman's campaign against,
372, exposition at, 433.

Augusta, Ga., British driven from, 191.
Automobile, invention of, 438.

BACON'S Rebellion, 39-40.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez, Spanish explorer
discovers the Pacific, 15.

Baltimore, Md., in 1750, 96; in 1790, 214;
attack on, 253-254; riot in, 341.
Baltimore, Lord, see Calvert.
Bancroft, George, American historian, 266.
Bank, United States, established, 224,
loses charter, 256; rechartered, 256-
257; favored by the Whigs, 270; 274,
destroyed by Jackson, 274-275:
placed by the Independent Treasury,
276, 278-279.
Banks, state, 256-257, 270, 275, 294, 384:
"wildcat" and "pet," 275-276; nation-
al, 384. 470.

re-

Banks, General Nathaniel P. (U.), in the
Shenandoah Valley, 354. 355; receives
surrender of Port Hudson, 364.
Baptists, in the colonies, 38, 81.
Barbary States, war with, 241.
"Barnburners," 312.

Barton, Clara, portrait, 449: leads Red

Cross work in Cuba, 449.

"Battle Above the Clouds," 366.
Bay Colony, see Massachusetts.

Bay Psalm Book, 109.
Beaufort, battle of, 352.
Beauregard, General P. G. T. (C.), takes
Fort Sumter, 338; in command of
Confederate forces, 342; at first battle
of Bull Run, 342-343; at battle of
Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), 351; suc-
ceeded by Bragg, 353.

Bellomont, royal governor, 116.
Bemis Heights, battle of, 175.
Bennington, battle of, 173-174.

Benton, Thomas Hart, and the Compro-
mise of 1850, 315.

Bentonville, battle of, 376.

Bering Sea Case, 413.

Berkeley, Lord John, receives grant of
New Jersey, 86.

Berkeley, Sir William, royal governor, 36
defies Cromwell, 37; re lected, 38;

and Bacon's rebellion, 39-40;
posed, 40.

Berlin Decree, 242.
Beverly, battle of, 343.
Bicycle, invention of, 438.
Bill of Rights, 211, 212.

de-

Bills and Acts in Congress, method of pro-
cedure, 210.

Bimetallism, 413. 414-415. 459.

Birney, James Gillespie, anti-slavery can-
didate for the Presidency, 302, 304.
"Black Republicans," 323.
Bladensburg, battle of, 254.

Blaine, James G., portrait, 406; candi-
date for the Presidency, 406.

Blair, Francis Preston, Union leader in
Missouri, 349; candidate for Vice-Presi-
dency, 391.

Blair, James, founds College of William
and Mary, 40-41.

Bland, Richard P., portrait, 403; author
of silver bill, 403.

Bland Silver Bill, passed, 403; amended,

Bragg, General Braxton (C,), invades Ken-
tucky, 353-354; at Chickamauga and
Chattanooga, 365-366; succeeded by
Johnston, 366.

Brandywine, battle of the, 171-172.
Brant, Joseph, Indian chief, 180.
Bread Riots, 276.

Breckinridge, John C., candidate for the
Vice-Presidency, 325; in the campaign
of 1860, 330, 332.

Breed's Hill, see Bunker Hill.
Brewster, William, Pilgrim elder, 54, 56.
Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1870, 417.

Brooklyn Heights, fortification of, 166, 167.
Brooks, Congressman Preston, assaults
Sumner in the Senate, 324.
Brown, Benjamin Gratz, candidate for the
Vice-Presidency, 396.

Brown, General Jacob (A.), 253.

Brown, John, in Kansas, 323; captures
arsenal at Harper's Ferry, 329; exe-
cuted, 329.

Brown University, founded, 108.
Bryan, William Jennings, portrait, 414;
candidate for the Presidency, 414-415,
458, 459, 466.

Bryant, William Cullen, poet, 265.
Buchanan, Captain Franklin (C.), in com-
mand of the "Merrimac," 347-348.
Buchanan, James, portrait, 325; and the
struggle in Kansas, 324; and the Dred
Scott Decision, 326; refuses to punish
secession, 334..

Buckner, General Simon B. (C.), surren-
ders Fort Donelson, 350.

Buell, General Don Carlos (U.), at battle
of Shiloh, 351; at battle of Perryville,
353; succeeded by Rosecrans, 353.
Buena Vista, battle of, 308.
Buffalo, and the Erie Canal, 262; rail-

roads to, 291; scene of McKinley's
assassination, 459.

Bull Run (Manassas Junction), first battle
of, 342-343; second battle of, 357.
Bunker Hill, battle of, 158-159; monu-
ment, 267.

Burgesses, House of, established, 32-33;
government of, 33, 38, 40; ceremonies
at opening, 100; Patrick Henry's
speech in, 143; appoints Committee of
Correspondence, 149.

Burgoyne, General John (E.), invasion of,
172-173; surrender of, 175-176; effect
of surrender, 176-177.

Burke, Edmund, portrait, 144: opposes
the king, 138; favors repeal of the
Stamp Act, 144; pleads for conciliation,
154; denounces use of Indians by the
English, 177.

Burnside, General Ambrose E. (U), suc-
ceeds McClellan, 357; at battle of Fred-
ericksburg, 359; succeeded by Hooker,
359; protects East Tennessee, 366.
Burr, Aaron, candidate for the Presidency,
234; treason of, 238.

Business Corporations and "Trusts," 439.
Business Panics, see Panics.

Butler, General Benjamin F. (U.), takes
New Orleans, 352-353; and the "con-
trabands," 357; candidate for the Presi-
dency, 406.

Butler, Colonel John, Tory leader in Wyo-
ming Valley massacre. 180.

CABLE, Atlantic, 293-294.

Cabinet, President's, formation of, 222.
Cabot, John and Sebastian, English ex-
plorers, 13.

Cabral, Pedro Alvares, Portuguese ex-
plorer, 11.

Calhoun, John Caldwell, portrait, 298;
advises war against England, 246; votes
for protective tariff, 257; elected Vice-
President, 269; and nullification, 298;
and the war with Mexico, 307; and the
Compromise of 1850, 316.

California, conquest of, 309, 311; admis-

sion of, 313, 314, 318; gold in, 313, 314.
Calvert, Cecil, second Lord Baltimore,
portrait, 45; settles Maryland, 42.
Calvert, George, first Lord Baltimore, por-
trait, 41; receives grant of Maryland,

42.

Cambridge, Mass., settlement of, 59:
named, 63.

Camden, Lord, opposes the Stamp Act,

144.

Camden, S. C., battle of, 187-188.
Canada, the French in, 16, 17, 77-78, 117,

conquered by the English, 133; invasions
of, 160; 248, 253; in the Revolution,
160-161, 165, 172, 175.

Canals, Congress refuses to aid, 261-262;.
building of, 262-263. See also Erie
Canal, Panama Canal, and Internal Im-
provements.

Canby, General E. R. S. (U.), receives sur-
render of General Smith, 378, murdered
by the Indians, 425.

Cape of Good Hope, named, 5.

Capital of the United States, 222, 224, 235.
Carolinas, settlement of, 45-49; division
of, 47: differences between, 48-49.

See also North and South Carolina.
Carpenter's Hall, 152, 153.

"Carpetbaggers," 391, 392, 401, 402.
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 263.
Carteret, Sir George, receives grant of New
Jersey, 86.

Carteret, Philip, settles New Jersey, 86.
Cartier, Jacques, French explorer, 16.
Carver, John, first governor of Plymouth,

Caswell, Colonel Richard (A.), at battle of
Moore's Creek, 161-162.

Catholics, settle Maryland, 41-45: carry
religion to the Indians, 119, 120.
Caucus, political, 274.

Cavaliers, in Virginia, 37.
Cedar Creek, battle of, 371-372.
Cemetery Ridge, 360, 361.

Census, of 1790, 214; of 1860, 280; of
1870, 417; of 1900, 430.
Centennials, see Expositions.
Central America, expeditions against, 283.
Central Pacific Railroad, building of, 416.
Cerro Gordo, battle of, 309-310.
Cervera, Spanish admiral, 451-453.
Chadds Ford (Brandywine), battle at, 171.

Chambersburg Pa., burning of, 371.
Champion Hills, battle of, 363.
Champlain, Lake, battle of, 253.
Champlain, Samuel, French explorer, por-
trait, 17; founder of Quebec, 17, 117;
and the Indians, 117-118.
Chancellorsville, battle of, 359-360.
Chapultepec, battle of, 310.
Charles I., portrait, 36; his troubles with
the Puritans, 35-36, 58, 62, 64, 89;
makes grant of Maryland, 42.
Charles II., comes to the throne, 37, 38;
removes Berkeley from office, 40; makes
grant of Carolina, 46; and the New Eng-
land colonies, 67, 70, 73, 76; and New
York, 83; makes grant of Pennsylva-
nia, 91.

Charleston, S. C., founded, 46; in 1750, 96;
attacked by the British, 162; captured
by the British, 186; in 1790, 214; taken
by Sherman, 376; exposition at, 433.
Charlestown, Mass., settled, 59.
Charters, of London Company, 25, 30 31;

of Plymouth Company, 25, 52; of Geor-
gia, 51; of Massachusetts, 58, 62, 64,
67, 69; of Connecticut, 73, 74; of
Rhode Island, 76; of Pennsylvania, 91.
Charter Oak, 74.

Charter of Liberties, 84.

Chase, Salmon P., portrait, 384; and the
Compromise of 1850, 315, 317; in Lin-
coln's cabinet, 337.

Chatham, Lord, see Pitt.

Chattanooga, battle of, 365-366.
Chautauqua Literary Movement, 445.
Cherokee Indians, 181.

Cherry Valley Massacre, 180.
"Chesapeake," American frigate, searched,
243; defeated by the "Shannon," 250.
Chester, Pa., assembly at, 92-93.
Chicago (Fort Dearborn), site visited by
early French explorers, 119, 120; taken
by the British, 248; in 1860, 280; rail-
roads to, 291; great fire in, 398; in
1870, 417. anarchist riot in, 441;
World's Fair in, 443.
Chickamauga, battle of, 365.
China, Boxer uprising in, 458.
Chinese, immigration of, 397, 406.
Chippewa, battle of, 253.

Choate, Rufus, and abolition, 320.
Christian Commission, 379-380.
Christison, Wenlock, Quaker, 65.
Churubusco, battle of, 310.
"Cincinnatus of the West," 197.
Circular Letter, Massachusetts, 146.
Circumnavigation of the Globe, 15.
Cities, in 1790, 214; along the Erie Canal,
263; in 1860, 280; in 1870, 417; in the
New South, 429, 430: commission form
of government in, 471.

Civil Rights Bill, 389.

Civil Service Reform, 396, 404, 405.
Civil War, see War for the Union.
Claiborne, William, leads

Maryland, 43-45.

rebellion in

Clark, George Rogers, portrait, 181; his
successes in the West, 181-183.
Clark, William, expedition with Lewis,

Clay, Henry, portrait, 299: Speaker of
House, 245-246; author of the Mis-
souri Compromise, 259-260; secures sur
vey for the National Road, 261; can-
didate for the Presidency, 269, 274, 304:
Secretary of State, 269; and the
National Republican, or Whig, party.
270; and the "American System," 270;
defends the United States Bank, 270,
274: opposes the Independent Treas-
ury, 278-279; and the tariff of 1833.
299; frames the Compromise of 1850,
314-316: death of, 321.

"Clermont," Fulton's steamboat, 240.
Cleveland, Grover, portrait, 407; elected

President, 406-407; defeated by Harri-
son, 409; reëlected, 411; refuses to
annex Hawaii, 413; and the Venezuelan
dispute, 414.

Clinton, Governor De Witt, and the Erie
Canal, 262.

Clinton, George, and the Constitution, 212.
Clinton, Sir Henry (E.), fails to support

Burgoyne, 176; succeeds Howe, 179;
abandons Philadelphia, 179; in New
York, 180, 193; in the South. 186.
Coal, discovery of in Pennsylvania, 288-
289, 435; in the South, 428.
Coal Strikes, 442.

Cockburn, Admiral Sir George (E.), at-
tacks Baltimore, 253.

Coinage, see Currency.

Cold Harbor, battle of, 370.

Colfax, Schuyler, elected Vice-President,
391.

Colleges, founding of, 40-41; 63, 108, 109:
increase of, in the South, 285, 431-432;
in the North, 444-445. See also names
of colleges.

Colombia, and the Panama Canal, 461-462.
Colonial Assemblies, establishment of,

32-33, 57, 58, 60-61, 72, 73, 76, 85, 93.
Colonies, American, planting of, 25-95;
self-governing, 32, 55, 71-72, 84-85,
87-88; proprietary, 41-42, 46, 70, 83,
86; life in, 95-117; and the struggle
for North America, 117-135; resist un-
just taxation, 136-155; resort to arms,
155-162; the struggle for independ-

ence, 162-197.
Colorado, gold discovered in, 415; ad-
mitted, 417.

Columbia, S. C., burning of, 376 and 376,
note 1.

Columbia River, discovery and explora-
tion of, 239.

Columbia University, founded, 108.
Columbus, Christopher, portrait, 6; early
life of, 6; in Portugal, 6, 8; thinks out
shorter route to India, 6-7; his strug-
gle for aid, 7-9, first voyage, 9-11;
later voyages, 12-13.

Commerce, in early colonial times, 38, 67.
95, 114-116; restricted by England,
136-137, 139-140, 145-146, 148, 151;
under the Confederation, 201, 215;
interfered with by England, 229, 242;
aided by European wars, 241; embargc
on, 244, 245; development of 292, 434
435. 455; of the Southern States, 345
346, 428, 431.

Commerce Commission, Interstate, 407.
Commission Form of Government for
Cities, 471.

Committees of Correspondence, 149, 151.
Commons, House of, 32 and 32, note 1.
Compact, Mayflower see Mayflower.
"Compact" Theory of the Constitution,

293. 297.

Compromises, in the Constitution, 208,

209; Missouri, 259, 260; tariff, 299; of
1850, 314-318; Crittenden, 335.
Concord, battle of, 156.
Confederacy, Southern, formation of, 333-
334; capital of, 340, 342, 376-377;
army of, 342, 377, 380-381; attitude of
foreign nations toward, 344; navy of,
346, 373-374; and the border states,
340, 348-349; fall of, 376-378.
Confederation, Articles of, adopted, 198;
weakness of, 198-202.

Confederation, New England, see New
England.

Congress, Continental, first, 152-154; sec-
ond, 159-160; in the Revolution, 159-
160, 162, 163-164, 171, 184, receives
Washington's resignation, 196-197;

weakness of, 198.
Congress, Stamp Act, 143-144.
Congress, United States, formation of, 207-
208; workings of, 210, 211; first session
of, 222-224; right of petition in, 301-
302; and reconstruction, 386-390, 393-
394; impeaches President Johnson, 390;
declares war on Spain, 450.
Connecticut, settlement of, 61, 70-71; and
the New England Confederation, 65;
adopts a written constitution, 71-72;
colonies of united. 73-74; charter of,
73. 74; under Andros, 74; reserves
western lands, 204.
"Conservatives," 469.

Constantinople, taken by the Turks, 3.
Constitution, first popular in America, 71-

72.

Constitution of the United States, steps

leading to, 206; making of, 207-211; rati-
fication of, 211-213; amendments to,
211, 212, 235, 388, 389, 393, 470; "com-
pact" theory of, 233, 297; text of, Ivii.
"Constitution" ("Old Ironsides"), Amer-

ican frigate, defeats the "Guerriere,"
248-249; defeats the "Java,' 250;
preservation of, 266.

Constitutional Convention, 206, 207-211.
Constitutional Union Party, 331.
Continental Congress, see Congress.
"Continentals," enlistment and training
of, 179; at battle of Camden, 187-188;
at battle of the Cowpens, 190.
"Contrabands," 357.

Contract Labor, 407.
Contreras, battle of, 310.

Convention, Albany, 126-127; Annapolis
trade, 206; Hartford, 256.

Conventions, national, 211; state, 211,
212, 298, 332-333; nominating, forma-
tion of, 274.

Conway Cabal, 177-178.

Cooper, James Fenimore, portrait, 265;
his writings, 265.

Cooper, Peter, philanthropist, candidate
for the Pr sidency, 400.

"Copperheads," 368.

Corinth, battle of. 352, 353.
Cornwallis, Lord Charles (E.). portrait,
193; at Trenton, 168; and the battle of
Princeton, 170; in the South. 186-194;
surrender of, 193-194.

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, Spanish
explorer, 16.

Corporations, business growth of, 439.
Cortes, Hernando, Spanish explorer, con-
quers Mexico, 15, 16.

Cosby, royal governor, 110.

Cotton, and the cotton gin, 220; manu-
facture of, 294, 295-296, 429; export
of during the Civil War, 345-346; in
the New South, 428, 429; loan, 473-
Cotton Gin, invention of, 220-221: in-
fluence of on slavery, 220, 259.
Courts, admiralty, 140; national, 199, 210,
223. 235, 326.

Cowpens, battle of, 190, 191.

Crawford, William H., candidate for the
Presidency, 269.

Credit Mobilier, 399.

Crittenden Compromise, 335.

Cromwell, Oliver, portrait, 38; becomes
ruler in England. 36; sends commission-
ers to the colonies, 37, 44-45.
Crown Point, abandoned by the French,

131.

Crusades, 2-3.

Cuba, discovered by Columbus, 10; cov-
eted by the South, 283; revolution in.
447-450; Spain and the war in, 446
453; American occupation of, 455-456;
becomes a republic, 456, 460.
Culpepper, Lord Thomas, receives grant of
Virginia, 39.

Cumberland Road, 261.

Currency, 200, 275, 276, 384, 385. 397.
400, 403, 410, 411, 412.

Curtis, General, (U.) at battle of Pea
Ridge, 350-351.

Cushing, Lieutenant William B. (U.), de-
stroys the "Albemarle," 374.

Custer, General George Armstrong, mas-
sacred by the Indians, 425-426.
Customs, see Duties.

DA GAMA, Vasco, Portuguese explorer,
first to reach India by sea, 11.
Dahlgren, Admiral John A. (U.), takes
Fort Sumter, 376.
Dakota Indians, 24.

Dakota, territory of, gold discovered in.

418. See also North and South Dakoti.
Dale, Sir Thomas, royal governor, 31.
Dallas, battle of, 372.

Dalton, battle of, 372.

Dare, Virginia, first white child born in
America, 20.

Dartmouth College, founded, 108.
"Daughters of Liberty," 142.

Davenport, John, founds New Haven,
72-73.

Davis, Jefferson, portrait, 333; and the
Compromise of 1850, 315. 317-318;
President of the Confederate States,
333-334; capture and release of, 378.
Davis, John, English explorer, 18.
Dawes, William, and Paul Revere, 155.