York in the name of William and Mary, the new rulers of England. Leisler was opposed by many, especially by the wealthier people, but was stoutly supported by most of the other classes. He kept his position for a time by force, and, though he intended well, his rule was harsh. Governor Sloughter, who was sent from England, had Leisler tried for treason, and, while intoxicated, signed his death warrant. The bitter feeling aroused over Leisler's conduct and death divided New York for many years. 108. Representative Government Firmly Established. Just as in England the Revolution of 1688 overthrew the tyrannical rule of James II., so in New England, New York, and New Jersey it restored the liberties of the people. William and Mary granted New York's wish for a permanent representative assembly. After a struggle lasting half a century the right of the people to a share in their own government was thus secured. The English kings did not always send wise governors to rule New York, and her assembly often quarreled bitterly with them. By resisting the arbitrary conduct of the governors the people of the colony kept alive that spirit of independence which later led them to bear their part in the American Revolution. THE OTHER MIDDLE COLONIES DELAWARE 109. New Sweden. In 1638 the eyes of all Europe were on Sweden. Her great king, Gustavus Adolphus, had won many victories, and her statesmen became ambitious to extend the dominion of their country to the New World. Accordingly, the Swedes planted a colony on the banks of the Delaware River, where Wilmington now stands, and named it Christina, in honor of their new queen. (See map, page 87.) New Netherland at once declared that her territory had been invaded. The Swedes, however, made other settlements and their colony prospered, but the quarrel with the Dutch continued until sturdy Peter Stuyvesant's army forced the Swedes to surrender (1655). A Part of Pennsylvania (1682). Delaware did not remain long under the Dutch, but passed into the hands of the Duke of York, along with New Netherland (1664). Maryland tried to get possession of the little colony, but William Penn, the personal friend of the Duke of York, won the prize and added it to Pennsylvania to give his great colony a more direct outlet to the sea. But the people of Delaware were not happy in this union, and obtained an assembly and a deputy governor of their own. From 1693 to 1703 Delaware was again united with Pennsylvania, but in the latter year was once more made a distinct colony, although she continued to have the same governor as Pennsylvania. NEW JERSEY III. First Settlements. The Dutch fur traders from New Netherland were the first to occupy New Jersey by establishing a post at Bergen, but the entire region between the Delaware and the Hudson fell to the Duke of York by the conquest (1664). (See map, page 87.) He granted it to two friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The name New Jersey was given to it because Carteret had won fame as governor of the Island of Jersey. The government established by the proprietors was liberal, consisting of a governor, a council, and an elective assembly. Toleration was granted to all sects who behaved themselves. In 1665 Elizabethtown was founded by English emi. grants led by their first governor, Philip Carteret. A little later, people from New Haven, dissatisfied on account of their union with Connecticut, came and settled Newark. (See §92.) They immediately organized a town government, and resolved that only church members could vote and hold office. Several other settlements were also made by New England people. Two years later deputies were sent to Elizabethtown to frame a set of laws for the government of the colony. A liberal government, toleration, safety from Indian attacks, and a moderate climate, all had an influence in attracting large numbers of settlers. 112. East and West Jersey. The settlers, following the custom of other colonists, purchased their lands from the Indians. This purchase was not only just, but gave the colonists an excuse for refusing the proprietors' demand for a small land rent. Their main objection to paying rent, however, was their claim that they had occupied the land before the proprietors. Delaware Water Gap PENNSYLVANIA Che 1643 Delaware Burlingto gton 1677 EAST NEW Y O R K Bergen 16) Newark 1666 Elizabethtown 1665 Philadelphia 1682 Wilmington 1638 LONG I. ERSEY JERSEY OCEAN EAST AND WEST JERSEY AND THE The trouble which followed led Berkeley to sell his share of New Jersey to Quakers who sought a refuge from English persecution. This part of New Jersey finally fell into the hands of William Penn and other Friends. A line was drawn separating the colony into East and West Jersey, the latter falling to the Quakers. William Penn tried to give West Jersey genuine self-government. Ten "honest and able men," chosen by the assembly, were to act instead of a governor. Religious toleration was granted, and no power was retained by the owners. "We put the power in the people,” said the Quaker proprietors. Four hundred Quakers immediately left England for West Jersey, where they founded Burlington (1677). In 1682 William Penn and twenty-three others, chiefly Friends and Scotch Presbyterians, encouraged by the success in West Jersey, purchased East Jersey from Carteret's heirs. While the new owners continued Carteret's government, they succeeded in settling, for a time, the rent disputes. A large number of Scotch Presbyterians settled in East Jersey in order to enjoy toleration. 113. Quarrel with the Duke of York; New Jersey Becomes a Royal Province. Meanwhile the colony was threatened from without. The Duke of York soon came to regret that he had given away so valuable a possession, and wished to bring New Jersey once more under his authority. But when Governor Andros of New York tried to carry out his master's wishes, he was met by resolute opposition. William Penn argued the case of New Jersey in England with great skill and the duke was forced to give up his claims. Later, when he became king, he united the Jerseys to New England and New York under the rule of Andros ($82). But when Andros was overthrown New Jersey welcomed back her old proprietors. The trouble over rents arose again, however. This time the settlers resisted their collection by force of arms, and the proprietors, tired of quarreling, gave up to the crown (1702) their right to govern the colony. Until 1738 New Jersey had the same governor as New York. As in other colonies of this kind, the king appointed the governor and the council, but the assembly was elected by the people. Although all Christians were tolerated, only Protestants holding property could vote. Now independent of New York and having her own government, New Jersey faced toward the future, to work out her own destiny and to bear her share in the movements of the new century. PENNSYLVANIA BECOMES A HOME FOR THE PERSECUTED 114. The Origin of the Quakers. We have already met the Quakers in several of the colonies, but now we shall study them in their own great colony of Pennsylvania. George Fox, the first Quaker, grew to manhood in England during the stirring times of the war between Charles I. and the Puritans. It was a period which gave birth to new ideas and new sects. The first followers of the Quaker faith came from among the lowly. Of this the leaders were not ashamed. The new converts were enthusiastic and were soon preaching in many parts of Europe and in America ($ 79). A TYPICAL QUAKER 115. Their Doctrines. The doctrines and practices of the Friends, as they called themselves, were simple. They rejected all forms and outward show in worship even more completely than the Puritans ($60). The corner stone of their faith was that truth is made known to every man by a "divine inner light," or an "inward voice," which, to them, was the voice of God. Many important consequences grew out of this belief. (1) They held that every man is his own priest, that paid ministers are unnecessary, and that taxes for the church are wrong. (2) They believed that all men are equal in |