no charter. In 1620 Pastor Robinson and others who remained in Holland bade the Pilgrims a sad farewell. They first sailed for England, where about one hundred finally embarked in the "Mayflower" for America.

After a rough voyage, which tried the bravest hearts, and which drove them far out of their intended way, the Pilgrims saw the shores of Cape Cod (November 9th). They had

hoped to

reach land

near the

mouth of the

Hudson, but

storms had

driven them northward.

While still

on board

the "May

flower," they

drew up and

signed an

SIGNING THE COMPACT IN THE CABIN OF THE "MAYFLOWER"

agreement or compact, which pledged loyalty to James I., their bitter enemy, and bound them to make "just and equal laws for the general good of the colony." John Carver was elected their first governor. (See page li.)

After examining the coast they selected Plymouth Harbor as their home. (See map, page 60.) At their landing place was a boulder-afterward named "Plymouth Rock"-which is still kept in memory of the Pilgrims.

63. The Struggle for Existence. Amid snow and ice the little colony battled with disease and death. Their log houses did not protect them very well, and their food was not of the best. They had been accustomed to the

gentler climate of England and Holland, and they did not yet know how, or have the time, to build strong and warm

houses. Neither did

they yet know much about taking the wild animals for food and clothing. The natural result was that before spring came with its cheer, half of them were in their graves, and many of the living were broken in health. But Brewster, Bradford, Winslow, and that bold soldier, Miles Standish, were still alive. When the "Mayflower" went back to England not a man,

woman, or child returned.

New emigrants from Leiden made food scarcer, but a treaty with the neighboring chief, Massasoit, brought safety for many years and made it easier to secure supplies. The skill of Governor Bradford, and the courage of Miles Standish and his little army, kept the Indians from doing harm to the settlement.

In a few years the colonists felt able to repay the merchants who had furnished them the means to come to America. Courage and perseverance had overcome the hardships of the wilderness, and the second permanent English colony in America was founded.

64. The True Greatness of the Pilgrims. The true glory of Plymouth was not in its size or in its wealth, but

in the ideas and the spirit of its people. It never became great in population or resources; in 1630 there were but three hundred inhabitants, and in the next dozen years this number grew to only about one thousand. The land was not rich, and the people divided their time between farming, fishing, and fur trading. They did not become wealthy, but they were contented.

The Pilgrims were among the most democratic people in the world. They had no church officers or other rulers not elected by themselves. They were more tolerant than any of the New England colonies except Rhode Island. Their compact pledged them to seek only the common good, and they were true to their pledge.

Every year excepting five, until 1657, they came together in town meeting and elected the faithful Bradford governor. All other important questions, such as raising money and making laws, came before all the men of proper age in

PILGRIM FURNITURE BROUGHT OVER ON THE
"MAYFLOWER"

town meeting, where they were discussed and then voted upon. The noble lesson of devotion to duty and of democracy in government is the imperishable glory of the Pilgrim Fathers.

THE GREAT PURITAN MIGRATION FOUNDS THE BAY COLONY

65. The Massachusetts Company. The Puritans who had remained in the Established church only put off the day of separation. James I. drove hundreds of

their ministers from their positions.

Charles I. did even worse. He dismissed his Parliament for opposing his wishes in this and other matters, and resolved never to call another. Before that, however, the Puritans had felt that their political and religious rights were in danger in England, and had resolved to establish these rights in the New World, as the Pilgrims had done before.

A number of Puritan leaders formed a company and obtained a grant of land. Strangely enough, Charles

JOHN WINTHROP From a portrait painted by John Singleton Copley; reproduced by permission of the trustees of Harvard University

gave them a very liberal charter (1629), by which they could do about as they pleased in their colony except that no laws were to be made contrary to the laws of England. Each year the company was to elect a governor, a deputy governor, and eighteen "assistants." The meeting of the company was called the General Court. The leaders were men of education and influence in England, and soon three hundred people under John Endicott were settled at

Salem, on the New England coast.

66. The Bay Colony (1630). The Puritan leaders now decided to send the charter to America, and elected sturdy John Winthrop governor of the colony. In 1630 he sailed with a fleet of eleven vessels, carrying over seven hundred emigrants, who established a colony at Boston. Over twenty thousand more followed in the next ten years and settled in various parts of New England. Although the Puritans were now free to plant a new

church and a new government in a new world, they parted sorrowfully from England, their native land. As her hills were fading from view, one of them wrote: "We cannot part from our native country without much sadness of heart and many tears in our eyes."

67. Massachusetts a Typical New England Colony. Winthrop's colonists named their settlement Boston to remind them of Boston in England. The hundreds who immediately followed founded new towns near by. Among these were Charlestown, already partly settled; Newtown, afterward Cambridge; Watertown, Roxbury, Dorchester, and others. (See map, page 60.)

The making of many little settlements was natural, since most of the people came as church congregations, led by their faithful pastors who had been through the fire of persecution with them. Each group selected its own location and went bravely to work to make homes in the new land. The arrival of a new group of emigrants meant the making of a new town, and thus Massachusetts became covered with towns, as did the other colonies of New England. What the plantations were to the southern colonies the towns were to New England.

GROWTH IN POLITICS AND RELIGION

68. Mixing Politics and Religion. The Puritan, having suffered so much for both his political and religious beliefs, was determined to follow his own ideas. On arriving in America he put aside very quietly the authority of the Episcopal church, and became as much. a Separatist as the Pilgrim. If any one in Massachusetts refused to comply with this change he was sent back to England or punished in some other way. None but Puritans were wanted in the colony.

The very rapid increase of settlers led to making a law that only members of the Puritan church could vote (1631). This was not a very great hardship at first, because