mines and to join Southern cities with each other and with the North. The completion of the Southern Pacific road brought San Francisco and New Orleans into closer touch.

New Orleans has also benefited by the deepening of the mouths of the Mississippi. Aided by Congressional appropriation, James B. Eads constructed jetties which forced the water into narrower channels. This so increased the strength of the current that it carried away the sediment and deepened the channel so that large sea vessels can now come up to New Orleans.

Another important result of the rise of new occupa tions in the South is the emigration of many people from the North and from Europe, which has aided the growth of population. New towns have sprung up and

ATLANTIC
OCEAN

CENTER OF POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1790 TO 1900
Showing the gradual movement westward

the older cities, as Richmond, Charleston, and New Orleans, have increased in size. The census of 1900 showed that the center of population, while still moving westward, had shifted two and a half miles to the southward.

547. The Growth of Texas. One of the most interesting instances of development in the new South is found in the state of Texas. She escaped the worst ravages of the war and shared in the prosperity of the new West. Her herds of cattle grew enormously and were shipped to furnish food for the people of other states and of Europe. Her wheat fields early rivaled those of more northern states.

Texas has shared likewise in the progress of the new South, and in some respects has taken the lead. From 1885 to 1890 she exceeded all the other Southern states, and even the states of the new West, in the number of miles of new railroad constructed. Her population from 1870 to 1880 grew six times faster than the population of the country at large, and in 1900 she stood sixth among the states. Newly discovered oil fields of almost unequaled richness are adding greatly to her industrial importance.

548. Educational and Social Changes. Before 1860 the South had not made much progress toward free public schools. She now furnishes schools, not only for her white children, but for the negro children as well. This task was the greater because the war had destroyed so much property and because the states were deeply in debt. But the various states, as a rule, not only succeeded in supporting the common schools by taxation, but again opened and gradually strengthened their state universities. In a few years these universities were larger and better than before the war.

Fortunately, many wealthy people and religious bodies came to the help of the South. The war was hardly over before missionary and other church societies were sending teachers and money into the South. They established schools of all sorts, among them colleges, theological, law, medical, normal, and preparatory

schools. The gift to the South of three million one hundred thousand dollars by George Peabody, an Amer

GEORGE PEABODY

From a lithograph made by D. C.
Fabronius in 1809 from sittings,
and published by A. Trochsler,
Boston, Massachusetts

ican living in London, was the greatest made by any single person. The next largest gift was one million dollars by John F. Slater of Connecticut, for the education of the negro. Paul Tulane of Alabama gave one million dollars for the education of the young people of Louisiana. As the wealth of the South grew, the number of gifts to education increased.

549. An Educational Revival. Even now a real a real educational revival by far the greatest in American history-is sweeping over the whole South. This movement is guided and aided by the Southern Education Board. Summer schools for teachers are springing up in each state, and at Knoxville, Tennessee, the Summer School of the South is attended by over two thousand teachers. The results are better teachers, better schools, and longer terms.

550. Southern Expositions. Successful beginnings made at Atlanta and Louisville prepared the way for other and greater industrial expositions.

In 1884 the "Cotton Centennial Exposition" was held at New Orleans to celebrate the exportation of the first bale of cotton from the United States. In 1884 more than three million eight hundred thousand bales were exported. This exposition, showing the progress of the arts and industries of the South, opened the eyes of the country to the rapid growth of this section.

The International Exposition at Atlanta (1895) was a wonderful display of what the new South had accomplished in every kind of occupation. This exposition taught the people the great degree of progress made by the South, since the war, in agriculture, in all kinds of manufactures, and in mining and lumbering. One of the most interesting features of this fair was the negro building showing the progress made by that race. Many notable men, as well as thousands of others, business men and tourists, from, many parts of the nation, visited and praised the Atlanta exposition.

THE WOMAN'S BUILDING AT THE ATLANTA INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION

In 1897 the state of Tennessee celebrated the centennial of her admission to the Union by holding a splendid exposition at Nashville. Here one saw beautiful reproductions of famous Grecian buildings, and a Woman's Building which reproduced the "Hermitage," the home of Andrew Jackson, which stands not far from the city of Nashville. The exhibits of the products and manufactures of the state compared favorably with those of any section of the country.

Again, in 1902, the South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition was held at Charleston. Here were gathered the products of the far South and of the

West Indies.. These great fairs not only taught useful lessons in arts and industry and showed the progress of the new South, but strengthened the ties of sympathy between all sections.

NEW INVENTIONS AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS

551. Steam and Electricity. At the very opening of this period steam was coming rapidly into wider use.

THE AMERICAN OCEAN LINER "NEW YORK" WHICH CROSSES THE OCEAN IN FIVE AND ONE-HALF DAYS

Engines were greatly improved and passenger trains were soon running fifty and sixty miles an hour and at even a greater rate for a short distance. Engines were now climbing mountains and drawing millions upon mil

lake cities, such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Cleveland, were carrying vast loads of grain, lumber, and iron, while ocean steamers raced across the Atlantic in less than five and a half days.