camping on the borders. When the bugle sounded, men with their families in wagons, men on horseback, and men on foot rushed over the border to their claims. The

GUTHRIE FOUR YEARS LATER, A THRIVING AND WELL-BUILT CITY

first night Guthrie was a city of tents, but in ten days Oklahoma Avenue was outlined with frame buildings. Within a year it was a city of several thousand people, with good schools, a number of churches, several newspapers, and blocks of well-built business houses. Other towns, as Oklahoma City, also grew with astonishing rapidity. What seemed "boom towns" and "mushroom cities" proved to be places with substantial beginnings.

542. Making Farms by Irrigation. The rich government land has been almost all taken up. The result is a demand that the national government shall aid in irrigating the dry lands in the Rocky Mountain region, and thus open for farming many thousands of acres which are now worthless. Congress has already voted money for irrigating works in this region. The money is to be paid back to the general government.

THE NEW SOUTH

543. The War Forced the South to Change. The war caused great changes in the ways of doing things in the South. The old plantation, with its quiet life and slave labor, was destroyed. The negro now worked for wages or for himself, while the former planter hired laborers or worked himself.

More cotton is now raised by free labor than was for merly raised by slave labor. In 1894 the cotton crop was more than twice as large as in 1860. Other crops are also larger than before. Sometimes the great plantations were divided into smaller farms, and the negroes began to own their own land. Thus important changes gradually came about in Southern farming.

But even more striking is the rise in the new South of a great number of occupations which were hardly known to the old South. These have come largely from using the natural resources which slavery had left almost untouched.

544. The South Begins to Produce Coal, Iron, Lumber, and Fruit. The mountain regions of West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama contain rich treasures of coal, iron, and lumber. The old South took little notice of these, but the new South is digging coal for her own use and exporting it to Europe. She is making pig iron almost as rapidly as Pennsylvania, and Birmingham, Alabama, has become a great coal and iron center. Hundreds of sawmills are furnishing lumber to all parts of America, while her fruit is famous in all Northern markets.

These branches of industry, once almost unknown in the South, have been drawing millions in Northern money and thousands of laborers into this section. gradual revolution in Southern industry has thus been set in motion.

545. Manufacturing Her Own Cotton. We have seen why the South once depended mainly on the North and on Europe for all sorts of manufactures, even for that of cotton clothing. But along with the other changes in the South came the introduction of manufacturing. Foundries and factories filled with humming machinery and with busy men and women appeared in cities and

towns. Nashville, Chattanooga, Atlanta, and Birmingham began to rival Northern cities in manufacturing establishments. Even in the smaller towns of the cotton belt, where the noise of machinery had never been heard, factories were built for the purpose of manufacturing the cotton raised in the neighborhood. In North Carolina there are about two hundred fifty cotton mills; in both the Carolinas over four hundred. The whole South contains over ninety thousand factories of all kinds.

546. Growth in Railroads and Population. Along with the new growth in industry came a great increase in railroads. They were built to reach the coal and iron