court than he did for the interests of his forty thousand loyal subjects in Virginia. So, in 1673, he granted the

whole colony, for thirty-one years, to two of his favorites, Lords Culpeper and Arlington. This action raised such a storm of protests that the easy-going king did not dare to carry out his intentions.

44. Bacon's Rebellion (1676). As early as 1663 a small uprising occurred as a protest against the way Virginia was being governed. But this trouble

BACON AND HIS FOLLOWERS

Demanding from Governor Berkeley permission to fight the Indians

only made the governor and burgesses go further in taking power into their own hands. The people did not forget the freedom enjoyed from 1650 to 1660, and only waited an occasion for rebellion. It came when Berkeley, bent on getting rich out of the fur trade, refused to protect the settlers from repeated Indian attacks.

Nathaniel Bacon, a young member of the council, rallied the frontiersmen and defeated the Indians. The governor proclaimed Bacon and his men rebels, and raised a force to pursue them. By this time Virginia was in tumult, and the people demanded the election

of a new House of Burgesses. Berkeley yielded. Bacon was chosen a member of the new assembly, which repealed many bad laws and sent a petition to the king setting forth the ills from which the people suffered.

Meanwhile the Indians became bolder than before, but Berkeley still refused Bacon permission to fight. After again defeating the savages, Bacon's army marched against the village of Jamestown, where the governor's troops were located. A bit of strategy alone prevented a battle. Bacon seized some ladies belonging to the governor's party and compelled them to stand on the breastworks. After a skirmish Berkeley abandoned Jamestown, and some of Bacon's men set fire to its less than two-score houses. Although the old town was rebuilt, it was later burned again by accident.

When everything seemed to favor the "rebels" Bacon was taken sick and died, and there was no one to lead in his stead. Berkeley now took his revenge. He put to death twenty of Bacon's leading supporters, threw some into prison, and seized the property of others. Even Charles II. was displeased at the governor's cruelty, and declared that "the old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the death of my father." One of the burgesses said, "If we had let him alone he would have hanged half the country." Charles II. removed Berkeley from office and refused to see him at court, and the old governor died brokenhearted soon after his return to England. Virginia never forgot Bacon's rebellion.

45. The Founding of the College of William and Mary (1693). From the first days of the colony there had been talk of schools, and a small number of private schools early came into existence. In 1693 a famous college was established mainly through the efforts and enthusiasm of James Blair, a Scotch clergyman in the

Church of England. He raised some money in Virginia and then sailed for England to obtain more money and a charter. It was the second college founded in America, and took its name from the two English rulers who then occupied the throne. Many interesting stories cluster around its eventful history, and many of Virginia's great sons were educated there.

When we meet the Virginians again we shall find them rallying under the leadership of a young Cavalier for the final struggle between France and England in North America.

THE OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES

MARYLAND: A NEW KIND OF COLONY

46. The Baltimores Found a Colony of Catholics and Protestants (1634). For nearly one hundred years Catholics and Protestants had persecuted each other in England. Catholics were still fined large sums for not attending the Episcopal church, and were believed to be more in sympathy with Catholic countries like Spain and France than with England.

George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, saddened by the bitter persecution of his fellow Catholics in England, generously re- painted by Daniel Mytens, formerly in solved to find them a place

of refuge in America. He first tried Newfoundland, but his colony suffered too much from the hard climate.

Finally, Charles I. granted him a portion of Virginia and named the country Maryland (see map, page 44),

A CATHOLIC PRIEST OF THE
MARYLAND COLONY

in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria, formerly a French Catholic princess, who pitied her persecuted people, and sympathized with the aims of Lord Baltimore. The latter died before he saw the success of his plans, but his eldest son, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, took up the work. In 1634 the two brothers of Cecil Calvert sailed up the Potomac with over three hundred "pilgrims," purchased an Indian village, and planted their first settlement, St. Mary's. Here, in keeping with the wishes of the founder, religious toleration was established.

47. A New Kind of Colony. Maryland differed from Virginia not only in the people who settled it, but particularly in the powers of government granted by the king. In fact, Charles I. gave all his own right to govern the colony to his friend, Lord Baltimore, who thus became its owner or proprietor.

In Virginia the king could appoint the governor and veto laws passed by the assembly, but in Maryland these powers belonged to Lord Baltimore. In England the king alone could appoint judges and grant titles of nobility, while in Maryland such powers were exercised by the proprietor. For all this authority two Indian arrows must be delivered to the king every year as a token of loyalty, and one-fifth of all gold and silver, if any should be found.

Baltimore, therefore, was almost a king in Maryland. But he gave the people self-government by establishing a representative assembly very much like the House of Burgesses. Maryland profited by the sad experience of Virginia.

Her

settlers did not suffer from hunger and disease, for instead of being “fine gentlemen" and adventurers they were industrious, seeking homes for their families and relief from persecution. Instead of hunting for gold they raised tobacco, wheat, and corn for export, and won the friendship of the Indians at the

QUEEN HENRIETTA MARIA

treatment.

Vandyke, in the gallery at Windsor Castle

48. Troubles of the Proprietors. But Maryland's troubles came from a different source. The Virginians. were displeased because Maryland had been a part of their own territory and because her proprietor was a Catholic. Besides, a high Virginian officer, William Claiborne, had built a trading post on Kent Island in Chesapeake Bay, before the grant of Maryland was made. He refused to give up his rich trade in furs and to submit to Lord Baltimore's authority. Claiborne was driven out by an armed force, but bided his time.

We have seen that many Puritans, driven out of Virginia, went to Maryland. Their settlement, first called Providence, but later Annapolis, became the rival of St. Mary's. During the civil war in England (§ 39), Lord