out and was aiming to reach Kirby Smith's army in Texas, when he was captured in southern Georgia, near Irwinville, and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe. He was

LEE AFTER THE SURRENDER

With bared heads and sober faces his troops bade a silent sistance was farewell to their beloved leader

at an end.

479. The Assassination of President Lincoln. Thousands of lives and millions of money had been given for the Union, but one great sacrifice remained. The saddest event of the war was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

John Wilkes Booth, an actor, plotted with other conspirators to murder the President, General Grant, and other high officers. On the evening of April 14th Lincoln went to Ford's Theater. While the President was sitting in his box Booth fired the fatal shot. Lincoln died the next morning. Booth was pursued and shot while hiding in Virginia, and the other conspirators were tried and hanged or imprisoned for life. Every loyal home was filled with sorrow. It seemed that a father had fallen. nounced the assassination.

Southern leaders, too, deThe South had lost her best

friend, for Lincoln was a man "with malice toward none, with charity for all."

480. The Grand Review (1865). The Confederacy was no more and the Union was saved. It was resolved to bring as many as possible of the million Union soldiers through Washington for a last grand review. For two days the veterans paraded through the avenues of the capital, reviewed by their officers, by the new President, the members of Congress, and by hundreds of distinguished people who had come to witness the grand spectacle. The last roll was called, the last banner furled, and the war-scarred soldiers dispersed to receive the welcome of waiting ones at home. But in many thousands of homes, North and South, were broken hearts never to be gladdened by the return of father, son, or brother. In a few days the soldier was once more a private citizen, and the stirring scenes through which he had passed were soon to become memories which should live again only in the fireside tale of the veteran or on the page of the historian.

IMMEDIATE resultS OF THE WAR

481. The Loss of Life; Sanitary and Christian Commissions. One of the most deplorable results of the war was the sacrifice of human life. At least half a million men perished. The great majority of deaths, more than two to one, were due to disease and hardship. The sudden outbreak of the war found both sections unprepared to care properly for their soldiers. The spread of disease due to new ways of sleeping and eating, and to a change of climate, together with the ravages of battle, overtaxed the relief departments of the two governments. Men and women labored to send comfortable clothing and nourishing food to the hospitals, and linen and woolen bandages to bind up wounds.

In the North the most systematic efforts were made

by the Sanitary and Christian commissions. The Sanitary Commission was an organization of kind-hearted people whose object was to aid the government in caring for the soldiers. By means of large sums of money obtained from rich people, and by "fairs" held in northern cities, the Commission provided physicians, medicines, and nurses for the sick and wounded. Its hospitals, cars,

and moral life of the army. Its chaplains held religious meetings and furnished the soldier with books and magazines. In addition it, too, furnished food, clothing, and nurses for the hospitals.

482. Conditions in the Confederacy. The condition of the Confederate soldier was very different. Lee's veterans often marched and fought without good shoes, proper clothing, or sufficient food. No great Sanitary and Christian commissions cared for the sick and wounded Confederates. Yet the people did what they could to relieve the boys in gray. Women met and sewed and worked day and night to prepare clothing and food for their absent ones in the field, and prayed and hoped for success as did the women of the North.

The destruction of life told more quickly on the South than on the North. To begin with, the Confederate States had only about two million eight hundred thousand white men of all ages, while the North had

over a million soldiers in the field at one time. In April, 1862, the Confederate government was compelled to draft men into the army, and in the last year of the conflict old men and boys were forced to the front. The great majority of able-bodied men could serve as soldiers because the slaves on the plantations raised supplies for the army and cared for the families. In the army, also, the negro was servant, cook, teamster, or laborer on the fortifications. When there were no more men to fill the gaps in the Southern ranks, it was proposed to arm even the negroes to fight for the Confederacy. It was not done, however, and when Lee started for Appomattox he had only about forty thousand men, and when the day of surrender came, less than twenty-nine thousand were paroled by Grant.

The loss to the South was the more severe because her educated class had suffered most. How badly she needed them to help bring back order and prosperity and find her old place in the Union again!

While the North lost as many men, the loss was not felt so much, for the North still had thousands able to bear arms, and the resources on which armies depend had really increased during the war. In the latter part of the struggle the North enlisted large numbers of negro troops. The negroes were mainly used to garrison forts, but certain negro regiments did excellent fighting.

483. The Destruction of Property. The total amount of property destroyed by the war, the injury to business, and the breaking up of ordinary occupations furnish a grand total of harm that can never be correctly estimated. The greatest injury again fell upon the states of the Confederacy. The border slave states suffered little in comparison, while Lee and Early in southern Pennsylvania and Morgan's raiders in southern Indiana and Ohio gave the free states their only taste of real war.

But in the Confederate States for four years great armies swept to and fro like destructive tornadoes. Fields of grain were scarcely ripe before trodden under foot or eaten by hungry soldiers and their horses. If food, clothing, or property could not be taken, they were destroyed to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. Mills, factories, foundries, railroads,

bridges, and even cities were destroyed.

The State of Georgia

FIVE CENTS

64

From the very beginning the South lacked in instruments of warfare and in the means of making them (§432). Churches and households gave up their brass to be made Into cannon. "Shot" guns, flint locks," and even handmade swords were called into use. As the war went on and the blockade grew stricter, luxuries and even necessities grew scarce. Cotton, tobacco, and rice, on which the South so much depended, fell off in both value and amount. Gold and silver became scarce and were hidden away. The Confederate government issued paper money, but it decreased in value so that, in the last year of the war, it was almost worthless.

TEN CENTS

The Bank

STATE

TEN CENTS.

STATE OF SOUTH

D

CAROLINA

2525

WILL PAT BEARED OF DENARD

1 CORBERY PUNDS

TWENTY FIVE CENTS

EXAMPLES OF CONFEDER

ATE PAPER MONEY

484. The Planter and Plantation Ruined. No person lost more in the

Civil War than the Southern planter. He rode away to battle full of hope and enthusiasm; he returned in gloom. His cause had been lost. His field laborers and house servants had been set free. This alone cost the slaveholders two billion dollars, counting each slave worth five hundred dollars. He was not accustomed to toil in the field, nor his wife and daughters to labor in the household. His plantation had gone to ruin. If the buildings and fences