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the smoke-shrouded city, the flowing river alive with vessels, and the fertile plains of Essex. It was built by order of Charles II., who, with all his levity, seems to have been aware of the importance of science: the first stone was laid by Flamsteed, who had been appointed astronomer royal in August, 1675, and no delay took place in its completion and furnishing it with accurate instruments. By the words of Flamsteed's commission, he was directed "to apply himself with the utmost care and diligence to the rectifying the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, in order to find the somuch desired longitude at sea, for perfecting the art of navigation." With what success this has been done, may be inferred from the remarkable words of Delambre, who, writing on the four vol-makers of those instruments to send them to the umes of observations by Maskelyne, astronomer royal at the commencement of the present century, observes, "that if by a great revolution, the sciences should be lost, and that this collection only were saved, there would be found in it materials sufficient to rear almost an entire new edifice of modern astronomy."

The whole establishment comprehends two principal buildings, one the observatory, the other the dwelling-house; the former is a low oblong erection, placed east and west, with four principal apartments on the ground floor, in which the most important observations are carried on; in one of these, which has a double sloping roof fitted with sliding shutters, for convenience in observing transits, is the transit instrument, eight feet in length, resting on two stone pillars, and interesting from having been used by the astronomers royal from the days of Halley. In an adjacent apartment is the magnificent mural circle by Troughton, which was placed on its stone pier in 1812, and although it has a diameter of nearly eight feet, such is the accuracy with which it has been constructed, that its position may be ascertained to the tenth of a second. In the other rooms are other circles, and a variety of astronomical instruments, as well as a library containing many scarce scientific books.

It is, however, beyond our province to attempt a description of the splendid and complicated instruments contained within the observatory, which we should scarcely succeed in making intelligible to the general reader; suffice it to say, that the establishment is supported at the expense of government, and is under the direction of the lords of the admiralty.

Astronomical time is not divided, like civil time, into two periods of twelve hours, but is counted regularly from one to twenty-four. Now, it is one of the most important objects in the duties of the observatory to find the true time; this is ascertained at Greenwich by accurate determination of the places of various stars, and their transit over the meridian. From these observations the mean solar time is computed; and this once known, the finding of the longitude of any place is comparatively easy. A knowledge of the true time being of the highest importance in keeping the reckoning of a ship on a voyage, the lords of the admiralty determined, about ten years since, on a means for making known daily the hour of one o'clock. Such is the skill displayed in the observations, that this hour is now ascertained with the utmost nicety, and from the summit of the building has been made known with the greatest regularity from the time the plan was first adopted.

Every day, at five minutes to one, the captains of vessels in the river, within sight of the observatory, may be seen directing their telescopes towards a black ball slowly rising on a pole fixed on the roof of its north-western angle; they then prepare their chronometers, and keeping their attention fixed on the ball, which has become stationary at the top of the pole, they note the instant when it begins to descend; at that instant it is one o'clock; and it will be obvious that the mariner has then the opportunity of knowing whether his chronometer is fast or slow; he may set it to the true time, and, by daily observation of the descent of the ball, ascertain its rate of going There is an apartment in the building appropriated to chronometers. It is the custom with observatory for correction and trial. Their daily rate is then observed, and noted down for the use of the owners; the same course is followed with the chronometers of ships lying in port. Visitors to Greenwich Park may frequently see a captain descending the hill with his time-keeper in a handkerchief under his arm. The present number of chronometers on trial exceeds one hundred, many of them being from government ships paid off, and thirty in preparation for the determination of the longitude of Valentia in Ireland.

Another very important object in the institution and maintenance of the observatory, is the observations of the moon, and the determination of the places of fixed stars necessary for ascertaining instrumental errors arising in those observations. In the early history of the building, these were regarded merely as secondary, but they appear to have been followed up with the greatest regularity, even when all others were neglected. The effect of this regularity is most honorable to the institution; for the existing theories and tables of the moon are everywhere founded on the observations at Greenwich, which is looked to as that from which alone adequate observations can be expected; and it is fair to predict that, while the duties are as efficiently performed as at present, lunar tables will always be founded on the same authority. To seafaring men lunar tables are of little less importance than true time; relying on their correctness, they sail away into the broad ocean, over which the calculations made thousands of miles distant serve as finger-posts. In order to render this branch of the observations still more efficient, an additional building is being erected, in which the moon may be observed through her entire passage. Owing to the construction of the portion of the building at present devoted to this purpose, one half of her course is very imperfectly observed, and one fourth is quite lost. When the new part is completed, it is anticipated that the observations on our satellite may be made almost every night; at present, from the cause above alluded to, they do not exceed one hundred in the year. Some idea of the patience necessary on the part of the observer, may be inferred from the fact of his being required to watch from moonrise to an hour or more after sunrise, or from an hour before sunset to moonsetting.

Of late years, in addition to the astronomical, a series of magnetic and meteorological observations have been conducted at the observatory. For the observation of the magnetic dip, and some other points which could not be carried on near the great magnets, or other disturbing influences, a small outbuilding has been raised of wood, the

greatest care being taken that no particle of iron | comets, and others observed in trigonometrical should be used in the construction. Such is the survey. The sun, moon, and planets are observed extreme delicacy and susceptibility of some of the at every practicable opportunity, the latter through instruments in this apartment, that they are sus-all hours of the night, (except on Sundays,) when pended by skeins of fibrous silk, enclosed, in some the moon only, with accompanying stars, is obinstances, within tubes of glass. These skeins served. Occultations, diameters, and the eclipses are prepared at Manchester expressly for the purpose; the fibres consist of seven or eight threads, as when reeled off in readiness for spinning; the slightest twist would render them unfit for use; and it is essential that they should be of uniform thickness.

and movements of Jupiter's satellites, complete a catalogue which, for scope and detail, reflects the highest credit on those concerned in its execution.

The electrical apparatus is attached to a pole 80 feet high, fixed in the garden; a wire connected with this is led into one of the rooms of the building, where pith balls, suspended near a bell, are attached to it. When the apparatus is excited by the electric state of the atmosphere, the balls become violently agitated, and striking against the bell, cause a ringing, which immediately attracts the attention of the attendant.

In Flamsteed's time, a well was sunk in this garden 100 feet in depth, with steps leading to the bottom, for the purpose of observing the stars in the daytime; but this has long since been arched over, as the improvements in the construction of telescopes render it unnecessary.

There are three magnetometers, the magnets for which were made at Göttingen; they are of polished steel, each two feet in length, one inch and a half in width, and one quarter of an inch in thickness. In reading off the results, allowance is made for the presence of iron in the apparatus which supports them, or in other parts of the room. These instruments, with the barometer, and the wet and dry thermometers, are observed every two hours, day and night (except on Sundays;) the dew point four times every day; the magnetic dip is observed on the forenoon and afternoon of each of two days in every week; on The whole mass of observations, both meteoroone particular day in every month, previously logical and astronomical, is regularly printed, a determined for the observatories in various parts quarto volume of some thousand pages appearing of the world, and known as a term day, magnetic once in the year. Most of these are distributed observations are made at every five minutes; on amongst the observatories all over the world, with one day in each month, hourly observations of the a view to assist the cause of science, and to facilibarometer are made; observations with the acti- tate the great series of observations, undertaken nometer, an instrument for ascertaining the radia- at the expense of government, which have now tion of solar rays, are made when circumstances been carried on for four or five years, and are exare favorable; electrical and extraordinary obser-pected to be brought to a conclusion in the present vations of any kind, when circumstances require year. In order to have some security that the asthem. The indications of the self-registering instruments are regularly preserved or read off; the rain gauges, &c., which are cumulative, but not self-registering, are read, some once in a day, some once in a week.

In addition to these instruments, there are an atmospheric electrometer, a galvanometer, and an anemometer. The last registers of itself the force, direction, and duration of winds. There are also self-registering thermometers, which are suspended from the side of the Dreadnought hospital ship, for ascertaining the temperature of the water of the Thames, with the object of assisting the registrar-general in the meteorological report affixed to his weekly sanitary report.

sistants, of whom there are nine regularly on the establishment, are in attendance to take their observations at the time appointed, a clock, commonly termed "the watchman's clock," is fixed in the ante-room; it has no hands, but a series of knobs, to which cords are attached on the dialplate, which turns round; this is secured by a door with a lock and key, so that the only external communication is by the cords, one of which being pulled by the assistant when he leaves, a knob is displaced, the dial-plate turns round, and thus a complete check is kept upon the attendance of the subordinate officers.

Among the extraordinary scientific operations to which the observatory has contributed its aid, In astronomical science, everything depends on was that of instructing the officers of the corps of the precision with which the longitude of a place Royal Engineers, who were appointed to trace is determined as regards any other fixed place; by the Canadian boundary; one portion of which, a the transmission of chronometers from one point straight line of a distance of 70 miles, was to conto the other, this may be ascertained. An opera- nect two defined points. The country through tion of this nature is now in progress to determine which this line was to pass is described as surpassthe difference of longitude between Greenwich ing in its difficulties the conception of any Euroand Pulkowa, in Russia. As it is necessary that pean. It consists of impervious forests, steep the observers as well as the instruments should be interchanged, M. Struve, astronomer at the latter place, has come over to make his observations from this point, for which purpose a transit instrument has been placed at his disposal.

The Nautical Almanac is generally printed three years in advance, for the benefit of those who go long voyages; the volume for the year 1847 is now published. The list of stars for this work has a first claim in the astronomical observations; and it is a rule that each star shall be observed at least twenty times in every three years. Besides these, there are observations of stars for refraction of those selected for the moon-culminating list of the almanac: of those compared with

ravines, and dismal swamps. A survey of the
line was impossible; a plan was therefore arranged
by the astronomer royal, founded on a determina-
tion of the absolute latitude and difference of lon-
gitude of the two extremities. The difference of
longitude was determined by the transfer of chro-
nometers, by a very circuitous route, from one end
to the other; after which the necessary computa-
tions were made, and marks laid off for starting
with the line from both extremities.
after cutting more than 42 miles through the
woods, were agreeably surprised on the brow of a
hill at seeing before them a gap in the woods on
the next line of hill, which opened gradually, and
proved to be the line of the opposite party. On

One party,

continuing the lines till they were abreast of each | beneath the sod. "It will be all the same a hunother, their distance was found to be 341 feet, a dred years hence," some rustic philosopher might difference which arose in an error of only a quar- have said at the time, as he heard the shouts of ter of a second of time in the difference of longi- strife and the wailings of woe; and behold those tude. The performance of this operation reflects hundred years have passed, and it is the same in the highest honor on the officers engaged. Tran- the sense he meant it. We are only a few hissits were observed, and observations made, on torical chapters the richer. whose delicacy everything depended, when the thermometer was lower than 19 degrees below zero, and when the native assistants, though paid highly, deserted on account of the severity of the

weather.

Such is a brief outline of an establishment which, whether we consider the nature and utility of its operations, or the comparatively small expense at which they are conducted, has great claims on our respect. We trust that our necessarily brief sketch will tend to diminish the stupid wonder with which the unpretending structure is regarded by thousands who climb the hill on which it stands. Let them think over its historical associations, and its importance not merely nationally, but in connexion with the whole world.

From Chambers' Journal. SEVENTEEN FORTY-FIVE AND EIGHTEEN

FORTY-FIVE.

THE arrival of the year forty-five in this century has produced a slight sensation-in Scotland particularly-over and above what the commencement of a new year generally occasions. We are all set a-thinking of that former forty-five in which such a remarkable series of domestic occurrences took place, deciding the fate of a dynasty with which an obsolete system of government and of faith was connected, and determining the current of public affairs and of social progress into a channel which it has never since left. We also recollect the extraordinary character of the transactions of the last forty-five, so highly calculated to take hold of the imagination and feelings; a piece of mediæval romance, as it were, which had by chance wandered into the age of whiggery and hoop-petticoats; sounding, amidst hosts of the commonplaces by which we are still surrounded, the expiring trumpet notes of chivalry. That great round in the markings of time, a centuryimpressive because it is just the first grand period which living man must all but despair of seeing accomplished in his own life-has now been completed since a disinherited prince, tartanned, targetted, pedestrian, but an Apollo of youthful grace and natural dignity, trailed his cloud of selfdevoted Highlanders through Lowland Scotland and Central England, to regain the crown of a hundred ancestors, (the faith made it a reality,) or die in the attempt. How much was there concentrated in that strange pageant!-divine right breaking its head in madness against the impregnable walls of popular privileges-the Celt, in his dress and arms older than Romulus or Pericles, perishing in a last attack upon the overwhelming force of the higher-endowed Goth-generous feelings, eagerness to redress what were thought personal wrongs, unselfish worship of an ancient idea almost identified with religion, meeting a murderous rebuke from the cannon-mouth and the scaffold, and, in the inexorable sternness of human contendings, ridiculed as folly and condemned as crime! Since all this happened, a hundred years have passed, and laid everything but a memory

But the recurrence of a "forty-five" is not to awaken these romantic associations alone. We are also called upon as a nation to reflect with grateful feelings upon the progress which has been made by our country since the last of our civil wars, showing, as the retrospect powerfully does, the benefits which flow from intestine peace. The England, and still more particularly the Scotland, of 1745, how different from those of 1845! Hardly in any one particular is there not an improvement; while, taking the whole together, and considering it either by itself absolutely or relatively towards other states, an advance of a most remarkable nature is apparent. In that time Great Britain has acquired India, and planted far more colonies than are required to make up for the few New England states of 1745, which she has since lost. She has bound Ireland to her in incorporating union, making a United Kingdom, which probably contains not less than three times the population which existed on the same space in 1745. The national debt of 1745, has indeed increased from fifty, to be now not less than eight hundred millions; a somewhat alarming fact at first sight; and yet it cannot be doubted, considering the relative population and wealth, that the debt of a hundred years ago was a heavier burden than that of the present day. David Hume prophesied that when the national obligations came to a hundred millions, England must be ruined; but that sum has been multiplied by eight without insolvency, and no one would now expect that an advance to a thousand millions would be fatal to our national fortunes. The annual expenditure is now somewhat above the whole amount of the debt in 1745-a fact which may be partly to be deplored; but does it not indicate also a vast increase in the national resources? Since 1745, the productive powers of the soil, especially in the northern section of the island, have been more than doubled, in consequence of improved methods of agriculture and husbandry; but the improvement in this respect is small compared with that which has taken place in other branches of industry. The cotton manufacture has been created since 1745, and all the other great manufactures have been prodigiously increased. The shipping of the country has gone on in equal paces. the best exponents of these facts in the rise of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham, Glasgow, from the small towns which they were in 1745 to what they now are. Liverpool was not so important a town in 1745, as to have a newspaper. Manchester had only one. There were but twenty-eight in all provincial England, two in Scotland, and four in Ireland (in the two last cases, confined to the respective capitals.) London was then a town of under half a million of population-about one and a half of the present Manchester. Edinburgh had forty, and Glasgow twenty thousand now the latter is computed to have 311,000. Lancashire has since then added just about one million to her population! The whole annual revenue of the country from customs in 1745, (about a million and a half) was not a third of what is now drawn on that account in

See

Liverpool port alone. The entire annual revenue | years ago with a hale elderly gentleman, who of the empire during the reign of George II. said he had once farmed the shore dues of that (about eight millions on the average of thirty-port at £300: they had reached, in 1839, the three years,) is now considerably exceeded by the large sum of sixteen thousand pounds! This amount of customs received in the port of London. town has risen from a population of 5302 in 1746, Since 1745, England and Scotland have been to 62,794 in 1841. A story is told that the mail overspread with canals and railways, immensely bag from London arrived one day in Edinburgh, a facilitating the transit of merchandise. Enormous short time after the year 1745, with one letter. sums have also been spent on the construction of being a missive addressed to the British Linen roads; and the principal public buildings of the Company. It is hardly necessary to remark how three kingdoms have been reared in that time. huge the mail bags now are each day. The The advance has been much greater in North revenue of Scotland was at the Union £110,694; than in South Britain; and, indeed, we might in 1788, it was £1,099,148: that collected last affirm, with little chance of contradiction, that no year was above five millions, being about what the country out of America has made a greater pro- revenue of the whole state was in the reign of gress within the last century, or ever in one cen- George I. It may also be mentioned that the tury made a greater progress, than Scotland has Scottish coin, when called in at the Union, was done in that time. In 1745, this ancient kingdom, found to amount to little more than eight hundred at the distance of forty years, had not forgotten thousand pounds. An old lady worth exactly an unpopular union. There was a large party, double that sum of money died in Edinburgh about including a considerable proportion of the gentry, three years ago! There is perhaps nothing which decidedly disaffected to the reigning family. Some more emphatically marks the national progress old sores, such as the Glenco massacre and Darien than the history of its banks. Of these establishexpedition, still rankled in the Scottish bosom.ments, there were two on the joint-stock principle Thus the spirit of the nation was distracted. It was impossible, in such circumstances, that there could be any hearty application to courses of industry, or to enterprises promising general advantage. But when the claims of the Stuarts were finally quelled on Culloden moor, a new era seemed to commence, and from that time the pursuits of peace acquired a decided ascendant. Scottish historians usually conclude their narratives in 1707, saying that after that time their country has no history: a most surprising blunder indeed; the fact being, that our history before that period is merely curious and romantic-hardly in any degree instructive-while the subsequent period would possess for the political philosopher the highest value. A history of the country from that time to the present would be the history of human energies applied to their best purposes, and achieving the most admirable results. Most interesting is it, truly, to see this little nation, with their sterile mountains and moors, and only patches of good land between, setting themselves to overcome all difficulties, and, by dint of pure mental force-a perseverance which knows no tire, a sagacity hardly ever at a loss, ingenuity not to be baffled, prudence never to be lulled asleep-working out what we now see, a land made blithe with plough and harrow, firths whitened with merchant fleets, streams persuaded, since they are making falls at any rate, to fall for the benefit of huge mills planted upon their banks, and splendid cities rising where once there were only little towns. The agriculture of Scotland was, in 1745, but the agriculture of cotters, embracing not one mode calculated to favor the powers of simple nature. Now its farming is an economical and scientific application of principles; not yet what it may be, but in the mean time a notable example to all other portions of the empire. Manufactures worthy of the name did not exist in 1745. Look now to the busy banks of the Clyde and Tay, not to speak of many other minor scenes of industry. In 1839, there were 676"factories" in Scotland. Of the commerce of the country in 1745, we have an idea from the fact that Leith, the principal port, then had shipping under two thousand aggregate tonnage. The amount in 1840 was 19,954 tons. At Dundee, the writer of these pages played at whist two

in Edinburgh in 1745, and one private establishment in Glasgow; none at Aberdeen, Dundee, Perth, or any other town. The Bank of Scotland had, it seems, tried a branch at Aberdeen, but it failed to obtain sufficient business to make it worth while, and the money was quickly withdrawn, being brought, it is said, to Edinburgh on the backs of horses, the only mode of carriage which was then practised. At the present time, there are twenty-three joint-stock banks in Scotland, having three hundred and thirty branch establishments. The aggregate capital employed by the two Edinburgh banks in 1745 was £200,000: that now employed in joint-stock banks somewhat exceeds eleven millions. And here it may safely be remarked, that no banking concerns in the world have ever been managed with better success than those of Scotland-a fact mainly attributable to the caution which forms so conspicuous a feature of the national character. There has not been, within the memory of the living generation, a declaration of insolvency from more than four banks, and three of these were comparatively small provincial concerns; and the public, as distinguished from the shareholders, did not lose one farthing by them.

The progress of the capital forms a good criterion of that of the country, and no city assuredly could well show a greater change in a century than Edinburgh has done during that time. This city was, in 1745, one of 40,000 inhabitantsantique and inconvenient in structure, and pent up within walls capable of being defended against an enemy unprovided with artillery. The accommodations possessed by families of good figure were generally limited to three or four rooms, not more than one of which would be unprovided with a bed. Of the middle ranks, most lived in bedrooms. Arrangements now deemed indispensable for cleanliness and delicacy were unknown. There was much homely comfort, but little elegance. It is entirely since 1767, that Edinburgh has burst from the limits of the Old Town, and spread herself in matchless beauty over the adjacent fields. Now we see the streets, which are devoted to the domestic accommodation of the middle and upper ranks, almost uniformly elegant, and houses occupied by shopkeepers which a judge or a landed gentleman could not have obtained eighty years

ago. And the whole habits of life of these par- | fathers did in 1745; but this is not to prove that ties are equally improved. It is common to hear miseries were then unknown in that class. Groan old people praising the easy good-humored life of as the poor might formerly, their voice was never their young days; but it was in reality full of heard; no inquiry was ever made into their coninconveniences, which either must have been condition. In the very fact of the groans being now stantly giving vexation, or were overlooked solely heard, and their causes zealously sought for with because of the low state of mind of those exposed a view to redress, it might be argued that we see to them. We learn from Sir Walter Scott's something in favor of the present time. The memoirs, that his parents lost all their children in spirit of the Scottish representatives of the former infancy while they lived in the Old Town, and period was most abject. Their gross servility to that he only escaped by being sent to the country. the minister of the day was perhaps what mainly Another literary man born in Edinburgh, Mr. depreciated the national character in the eyes of Kerr, editor of a well-known collection of voyages the English, and produced the satires of Foote and travels, was the eighth or tenth child of his and Churchill. In reality, they were not a repreparents. All his predecessors had perished in sentation of the people of Scotland; but this our consequence of the narrowness of the domestic southern neighbors had no reason to suppose. accommodations, and his preservation was owing Now, the Scottish members are fully as indeto the same cause as Scott's. Can we wonder at pendent as any equal number taken at random out such results when we learn that Mr. Bruce of of the parliamentary lists; and, if we are not Kennet, a gentleman of estate, who, being in the much misinformed, their election is conducted law, became a judge of the supreme court, occu- with an exemption from corrupting influences pied with his family, about the beginning of the which is not paralleled in any other part of the reign of George III., a house of one floor, rented United Kingdom. That the Scottish people, at fifteen pounds, and containing three rooms, one amidst all their changes, have not in any degree of which was employed partly as his study, and lost the peculiar religious spirit which distinpartly as a bedroom for his children? When we guished them of old, recent events have fully know such things, we can hardly be surprised at shown. On a subject of some delicacy, it is Mr. Creech telling us, about 1790, that a French not necessary to say more; but what is said is teacher left, for want of accommodation, the much. house which thirty years before sufficed for Lord Drummore. There cannot be a doubt that, built as Edinburgh now is, many a man of income exempt from property-tax is lodged better than men of rank and fortune were in 1745.

Upon the whole, it appears to us that the British empire has made an advance in all the prime elements of greatness during the last hundred years, such as cannot be found paralleled on the same scale in any history. If we look into the Since that period, the changes in the moral and past, we nowhere see such a bound forward made intellectual character of the people, in their man- by any country; so that we may fairly say that ners, customs, and language, have been equally here is a new exemplification of the power of a great. Farmers then sat at the same table with naturally well-endowed race to advance in natheir servants. It looks an amiable custom; but tional greatness when circumstances of a greatly the sole cause was, that the farmers had no edu- unfavorable kind, such as a war, are not allowed tion or taste superior to their servants, and were a strong operation. It is very clear that no perin reality laboring people themselves. Gentle- son living in 1745, and looking abroad upon his men and ladies spoke broad Scotch; the former past and present, could have seen grounds for swore a good deal; the latter snuffed. Their supposing that a century later was to commence meetings were rare, and without refinement. Fe- such a period as we now see closing. Does not male accomplishments, by which such a charm is that period argue a degree of national improvabilnow given to home, were then unknown. Few ity to which it might be difficult to set limits? women could even write a letter; fewer still spell Does it not show that, if no worse catastrophe one correctly. The savagery still surviving in than has marked the past century shall mark the the national mind, even in cities, is shown strik- future career of this empire, the condition at ingly in the execution of Lynch law upon Cap- which it shall have arrived in 1945, in physical tain Porteous in 1736. The bigotry is shown and moral greatness, must be something of which in the Catholic riots of thirty years later. We we would vainly at present endeavor to imagine have to go back but twenty-three years from the particulars? Why, this great and still in1745, to come to the last burning of a witch increasing London may in 1945 be a town of eight Scotland. Then the state of public sentiment millions of inhabitants—a phenomenon which the respecting the natural liberty and dignity of man, world has not heretofore witnessed. A vast what an idea do we get of it from such facts as amount of the waste and barbarous parts of the this-that, in 1755, while a press was going on earth-perhaps all Asia, excepting that belonging for the Seven Years' War, a man who had been to Russia-shall have then yielded to a British committed to the guard-house in Edinburgh "for sway, and begun to adopt the manners, language, swearing," was sent on board the tender, and, and moral ideas of this people. To how many though earnest petitions were presented to the of the distresses of the sons of earth will remedies Court of Session to procure his liberation, the have then been applied! How many great queslords refused to interfere-or this, that, on the tions in physical science and ethics will then have 30th of August, 1766, the Edinburgh Courant been solved! How sweetly will the wheels of advertised a female negro slave for sale. At the the social machine, as well as the current of indilatter fact we need hardly be surprised, when we │vidual life, then move! Alas, why have we been recollect that, for thirty years after 1745, the condemned to live in the early part of this darkwhole class of colliers and salters in Scotland ling century, streaked but with the dawnings of were bondmen. We hear more now of the mis- so much glory! How enviable those who shall eries among the humbler classes than our fore- be born unto our children's children!

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