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the impelling power is connected with the carriages. And this is the chief feature in the invention, together with the great principle which distinguishes it from every former invention, viz., the entire absence of any continuous valve.

From the Polytechnic Review.
LORD ROSSE'S TELESCOPE.

In the "Times" of the 16th April there is a letter from Sir James South descriptive of this magnificent instrument, and of some of the observations made by it: there is one upon the occultation of a star by the dark part of the moon, which produced a phenomenon that, Sir James says, is involved in impenetrable mystery. The following is the account he gives, and the solution which is now of fered will, perhaps, render the matter apparent.

there is no dispute. The diameter of Jupiter is well known to be 94,100, while that of the earth is 7970. The largest of the satellites of Jupiter in its diameter is not equal to that of the earth. These respective diameters will give proportionate areas on the spheres of surfaces capable of reflecting solar light. The magnitude of these surfaces will give very different appearances of light according to the mass which they present, and conimmense area, which is so much larger than the sequently, the reflected light of Jupiter from its earth, although at a distance of more than five times that of the earth from the sun, will receive and reflect a far greater amount of light than the earth, or its own satellites, which will account for the intensity of the luminous appearance of Jupiter. We judge of the intensities of light by comparison; for instance, a board painted white will appear far darker than writing-paper, and "On the 15th of March, when the moon was writing-paper darker than snow newly deposited. seven days and a half old, I never saw her unillu- The intensity of light, therefore, upon a satellite mined disk so beautifully, nor her mountains so will be greatly less than that of Jupiter: but we temptingly measurable. On my first looking into must go a little farther; light is reflected most the telescope, a star of about the seventh magni- intensely precisely at the angle of incidence. tude was some minutes of a degree distant from Now the reflective spaces on a sphere of small the moon's dark limb. Seeing that its occultation dimensions are very greatly less from this circumby the moon was inevitable, as it was the first ocstance than the space upon one of far greater area. cultation which had been observed with that tele-If, for instance, any one will hang up a whited ball scope, I was anxious it should be observed by its and cast a ray of light upon it, he will find, exnoble maker, and very much do I regret that, cepting in the angle of incidence, which depends through kindness towards me, he would not acupon the situation of the eye of the observer, that cede to my wish; for the star, instead of disap- the rest of the parts of the ball, as they recede pearing the moment the moon's edge came in con- from that angle, will become darker. Now, these tact with it, apparently glided on the moon's dark being the premises, we ought not to be surprised face as if it had been seen through a transparent at a satellite possessing so very small a comparamoon, or as if the star were between me and the tive share of light, in respect to its primary appearIt remained on the moon's disk nearly two ing dark on passing over the most luminous part seconds of time, and then instantly disappeared at of Jupiter, although it may appear light when viewed separately from him, or even whilst passing over any of the less illuminated parts of the planet itself.

moon.

10h. 9m. 59.72s. sidereal time.

"I have seen this apparent projection of a star on the moon's face several times, but, from the great brilliancy of the star, this was the most beautiful I ever saw.

The cause of this phenomenon is involved in impenetrable mystery."

Previous to the occultation, there existed a ray of light from the star to the eye of the observer. Now, whether the light is transmitted particle by particle, or whether light is transmitted by undulation, which the result of observations and the balance of probability renders the more certain, the following effect would be the same.

The small quantity of light that these satellites reflect, and not its intensity on the angle of incidence, is the reason that these satellites are not seen by the naked eye upon the earth.

We trust that the foregoing explanation is sufficiently evident, at the same time that we respectfully submit that if astronomers would make themselves masters of a little natural philosophy in addition to their great attainments as mathematicians, they would be able to solve not only many of the appearances of which we are now cogniThe ray of light represents the star in all its zant, and on which there seems to be an extraordiparts the moment the star is obscured by the pas-nary degree of ignorance, but also to account for sage of the moon, the star itself being fixed, the ray would not disappear until the time had elapsed which it takes to pass from the moon to the earth, a distance of 240,000 miles, this taking up two seconds of time or thereabout, the spectrum of the star would remain on the eye during that space, and then would instantly be lost. The moon itself continuing to advance would give the spectrum the appearance of passing a short distance upon its face, and, as Sir James says, leading us to suppose the star was seen through the moon.

Sir James South afterwards, in relation to the passage of the satellites of Jupiter over his face, asks the following question:

"Will the telescope tell us why the satellites of Jupiter, which generally pass over Jupiter's face as disks nearly of white light, sometimes traverse it as black patches?"

In endeavoring to solve the preceding question, we shall have to state a few facts about which

those new and important facts, which we fully depend upon being made known, by the further use and contemplated improvement, according to Lemaire's plan, in Lord Rosse's telescope, for the spirited and able construction of which his lordship has laid the scientific world under enduring obligations.

J. A. BORRON.

son to believe that this undertaking, as it is highly
COLLEGE OF CHEMISTRY.-There is every rea-
It is to be re-
patronized, will be carried out.
gretted that the schools already existing are not
considered sufficient for the supply of accomplished
chemists.

RAILWAY UNDER THE THAMES.-The plan for forming a railway through the tunnel, proposed by the late Mr. Samuda, has been submitted to the proprietors. The expense will not exceed ten thousand pounds.

From the Polytechnic Review. ARCHIMEDEAN RAILWAY.

MR. FARRELL, the inventor of this curious system, exhibited a model at the Dublin Society's house during the late cattle show, and delivered a lecture on it in the gallery, which was densely crowded, on Wednesday the 23d ult. After alluding to the great advantages which have arisen from the invention of railways, and to the merits and demerits of the various plans, Mr. Farrell, pointing to his model, said :

"I have given this invention the title of Archimedean,' from some resemblance that it bears to the water-engine, invented by the celebrated Archimedes, which appears to have been a tube coiled spirally round a cylinder; but as a cylinder of eighteen inches diameter would be expensive and cumbrous, I substituted a comparatively small shaft of iron-tubing of about four inches diameter, and the spiral or thread of the screw I support by wrought-iron arms of sufficient strength, keyed on the shaft and bolted to the spiral. The screw propeller thus formed is made in separate lengths of from twelve to fifteen feet, and connected by couplings at each joint, that allow a sufficient freedom to meet any accidental sinking of the rails, or any required divergence from a straight line. These lengths rest on metal-bearing saddles that are bolted to the cross-sleepers of the railway. This screw propeller is laid down in the middle of the track, and caused to revolve upon its axis by steam or water power, and, when revolving, the spiral rail presses against a pair of wheels that are suspended from the frame of the leading carriage of the train, one wheel being at either side of the axis of the screw; so that while the carriage is propelled forward by the pressure of the spiral against the periphery of one of the wheels, it is prevented from acquiring accelerated motion or running irregularly forward by the other wheel, which follows and presses against the spiral on the other side of the axis, and thus aids in giving a revolving motion to the screw propeller. These wheels, which form the only connection between the trains and the propeller, are perfectly under the control of the conductor, who, by turning the handle of the vertical screw, can raise them up, and thus disengage them from the propeller, and, by continuing the same action, can apply the breaks to the bearing wheels, and thus stop the train at any point of the line. It is proposed that the stationary engines be placed three miles apart, and that each engine shall turn a mile and a half screw propeller in each direction from it; the power will be communicated from the engine by means of a friction-clutch, let into a cylinder cast on the back of the spur-wheel. By this means, should the shaft meet with any accidental obstruction, it will be saved from any strain. Thus far this invention is applicable to any existing railway; the propeller can be laid down and secured to the cross-sleepers of the railway, and the propelling wheels and lifting apparatus attached to as many of the carriages as would be required for leading carriages. The model, however, embraces another improvement. It may be seen that the wheels have no flanges, and there is a pair of friction wheels at either end of the carriage that run against the centre guide rail, that rests on, and is firmly secured to the apex of the triangular bearing saddles which support the propeller.

"The advantages I expect to be derived from this invention are economy in construction, economy in power for locomotion, and facility for transmitting frequent trains with perfect safety.

"The facility which the Archimedean possesses for ascending inclined planes, places it on a par in this respect with the atmospheric system, by which, as I have before shown, a saving in construction to the amount of 40007. per mile may be effected, taking the estimate of the Irish railway commissioners as our standard. The relative estimates will stand thus locomotive railway, 13,000l. per mile; atmospheric railway, including the tubes for double line, 18,000l. per mile; Archimedean, including the propeller for double line 11,000l. per mile; these amounts are given, it will be remembered, as merely comparative estimates. On the Archimedean system, therefore, the saving in the cost of construction, when compared with the locomotive, is 2,000l. per mile, and compared with the atmospheric, 7,000l. per mile of double line. With respect to the cost of locomotion, it will be sufficient for our purpose, as I have before stated, that the locomotive and the atmospheric systems might be considered nearly on a par as to annual expense, to compare the Archimedean with the locomotive system.

"As the power is conveyed directly from the prime mover to the trains by means of the screw, I cannot conceive that there is any power lost, except that which is absorbed in turning the screw propeller and keeping it in motion. The weight of a mile and a half propeller is about eighty tons. If we allow the power expended in turning this amount to ten-horse power, (and by the use of friction rollers this might be greatly reduced,) as I propose a twenty-horse engine to each three mile station of single way, and two such engines on a double line, which could work in concert, each engine would, therefore, have a spare power equal to the propulsion of more than 30 tons, at the rate of 20 miles an hour; and as trains might be transmitted in rapid succession without danger of collision, trains of 20 tons might be transmitted at the rate of 30 miles an hour without increasing the engine power, and thus meet the demands of the most extensive traffic, at a cost considerably under one fourth of the expense of locomotive power on the present systems. The saving would therefore be on a railway 100 miles long, 200,0007. in the cost of construction, which at five per cent. is 10,000l. per annum, and on the cost of locomotive 75,000l., making a total annual saving of more than 80,000l. per annum on a line of 100 miles in length, of very extensive traffic." Mr. Farrell concluded by stating that, startling as those calculations appeared, he was persuaded they would be borne out by results.

ANASTATIC PRINTING.

MR. FARADAY commenced his lecture at the Royal Institution on Friday evening last, by expressing his fears that, not being in any way connected with the subject, he might not plead so zealously in its favor as he did when he brought before them his own inventions; but if he did not render the subject quite clear, it was to be considered as entirely his own fault, the inventor having placed every information at his disposal. He hoped to be able, even during the short time allotted to the lecture, to show practically the process, as the

workman, extremely skilful in the science, could working amidst the excitement and bustle attendshow practically the working. The word "anas- ant upon the lecture. I will now call yout attentatic" signified, he was informed by scholars, a tion to the repulsive action of water and oil. You raising up; in other words, a revival of what are aware that when two smooth surfaces wetted might be considered as dead and useless. Having with either oil or water are pressed together, they given this definition of the name, before showing cohere with considerable force; there is but little its workings, he had most distinctly to repudiate difficulty in sticking them together, though my the slightest intention of in any way recommend- strength is hardly sufficient to tear them apart; ing it or pledging himself for its success. How- this is not, as was formerly supposed, the cohesion ever it might eventually turn out, his opinion could of the surfaces, but the attraction of particles of never be brought against him, for he had given water for water. We are indebted to Dr. Henry, none. He considered this caution necessary, as of America, for the peculiarly instructive papers he found his name constantly brought forward as and experiments he has published, which, though recommending this theory or that theory, or iden- out of place here, I hope, ere the season closes, to tified indeed with things with which he had not have the pleasure of again alluding to. (Great the slightest acquaintance. That very day, in- applause.) I will pour upon this plate some coldeed, he had received a letter upon his supposed ored water, and drop on it some oil the water is, advocacy of perpetual motion. His duty was but to you see, driven to the sides; and this effect is even explain, as clearly and briefly as he could, the in- seen more strongly when I cover first the plate vention now before them. It consisted in a plan with oil, and pour on the water: it slides, as you of printing from a printed page, or an engraving, see, over the plate; each, as it were, keeps posany number of copies. He would, to show the session in defiance of the other, the first applied principle, take at random a leaf from the book, and holding possession; and this is probably one cause give it over to the worker, and they would see the why, after so many impressions, the printing keeps process in all its stages. They would observe that distinct, the repulsive action of the water pressing he wetted first the print freely with dilute nitric up the ink in place of allowing it to spread, even acid. (The proportions the lecturer did not state, though it remains for some time soft. The possibut we should judge its strength to be at least one bility of taking impression by pressure has been of acid to four of water.) This was allowed to well known a long time: by rubbing this newsstand for some time-a few, minutes would be paper strongly, with a piece of wood, against this sufficient in the present case; and they would next damp paper, I can obtain a very fair impression, remark the extreme care of the worker to remove though the force I can employ is of course not for the excess of acid. This was effected by pressure a moment to be compared to the even and powerful between sheets of bibulous or blotting paper; this pressure of the printing press. Now metallic sheet was then placed upon a plate of polished plates resist strongly water when very highly polzinc. He would draw attention to the extreme ished, though, as you observe, I may pour water care with which the worker was polishing the on this plate its surface is not tarnished; the plate; the slightest speck would be sufficient to water moves lazily, like a slug, upon its surface. injure the impression. His hearers would now see A little mucilage will at once remove this diffithe system; the acid would soak through the pa- culty; the gum enables it to spread smoothly over per, but on those places where the printing was the surface. There is not quite sufficient mucilage the acid could not penetrate. Printers' ink, as here, (this experiment failed,) but on the addition they were aware, was composed of lamp-black and of a little more the effect is at once apparent. But a preparation of linseed oil, and this effectually I will play further tricks with this plate; I will defended the plate from the acid. "The wetted direct the man to rub off the impression from the paper and the plate are then submitted to heavy plate-and this can be done easily by turpentinepressure between two rollers, and the plate is, as and the plate will be to all appearance as before it you see, strongly acted upon by the water; it is was first submitted. Before doing so I will have now washed with gum-water, and this, though an first the plate entirely inked over; every part is apparently unimportant part of the process, is of now covered. I place my finger on any part, and great practical importance; it would appear to have you observe it covered with the ink, marking a most decided repulsive action on the ink. The whatever I now touch. The worker will rub it plate can now be submitted to the action of the with his cloth, and take an impression. You will inken roller; the parts protected by the printing observe that the rubber has moved the ink only will alone receive the ink, and in order to render from those places to which it was not first applied, this more decided, the zinc plate is now washed and the printing is as clear as before. He will with phosphoric acid; the action of this acid is now move off the ink entirely, and you would beexceedingly obscure; the phosphoric has no ad-lieve that the plate was now destroyed but no ; vantage over the nitric or muriatic, but the differ- the parts, once inked, though every atom of grease ence where the phosphoric is used is exceedingly has been removed, will still receive only the ink, apparent. Phosphoric acid is easily made, by while the other parts will, as before, reject it; leaving phosphorus in water exposed to the action and again, you see, the printing goes on without of the atmosphere; the phophorus absorbs oxygen, hindrance. Eight thousand impressions have been, and forms the phosphoric acid. The worker, you we believe, taken without the slightest difference see, uses considerable force in his operations with between the first and the last in point of deteriorathe gum-water and the phosphoric acid; his ex- tion: indeed, the order of perfection is generally perience has shown him that the printing ink ad- reversed, the first being the most incomplete. In heres now with some firmness, and you will be the copying by this process the old printing, there able to see the process of the printing. I hand was a great difficulty presented by the dryness of over to the chairman, as your representative, the the ink, which becomes nearly brittle to remove impression just worked off; you will, after the this the paper was sponged with a solution of lecture, find it perfect. But it would be unfair to potash: this would soften the ink. The potash judge of the practical working by the process now was afterwards removed by soaking the paper in a

:

solution of tartaric acid. The paper becomes covered with the glistening crystals of bitartrate of potash, cream of tartar. These crystals refuse to mingle with, or to receive, the ink of the printers; and the printed parts alone receiving it, a very excellent impression can be made by reinking the print before it is applied to the plate. A few specimens are before you their genuineness is at once apparent from the style of the type, which no printer of the present day would use."

From the Spectator.

LORD ROBERTSON'S POEMS. ANY one who has visited Edinburgh from ten to twenty years ago, and been conducted to the Parliament House among other lions-or receptacle of lions-must remember an advocate of rotund proportions, whose pinguetude was to him a burden as the grasshopper to the seer of old. But "His eyen twinkeled in his hed aright,

the more vulgar acceptation of readiness to assist the poor and needy, and in an uncontrollable sympathy for worth that had suffered wrong. He could not even bear to see a blackguard treated worse than was absolutely necessary to keep him in order. His favorite books (and though few imagined he ever opened one, they were daily consulted) were poems: deep-read he is in Shakspere and Milton; and Wordsworth's and Hunt's poetry are familiar to him. This trait in his character explains the volume of downright serious poetry which he has just given to the world. In part it may be believed to have been prompted by the irrepressible desire he felt to utter aloud the feelings awakened in him by the novel and striking objects with which he found himself encompassed during a tour in Italy, in the long vacation last autumn. Perhaps a desire to let the world know that better and deeper feelings lurked below the outer case of the professed jester may have had its influence. Viewed in this light, the fragments of verse in the volume now before us do no discredit to their author. Poetry it would be gross flattery As don the sterres in a frosty night.' to call them. The Address to the Queen" reThe spirit within was not slumberous. A deft minds one-tant soit peu-of a speech on “the and well-trusted counsellor was he, and well-em- general question;" the attempt to impersonate ployed at the bar. But to see the man in his Galileo and Milton has none of the novelty Lord glory, you must meet him after dinner, or, by our Robertson flatters himself it possesses, and, what lady, nearer hearing of “the chimes at midnight." is worse, is a dead failure; while “The DishonWithin his portly body seem encased the com- est Dealer" and "The Pirate" are mere versificabined spirit of all high jinkers since the time tions, the one of a speech in opposition to an apof Pleydell. Speeches he could make in which plication for the benefits of the cessio bonorum, there was no meaning-perhaps no wit; and yet and the other of a crown counsel asking a jury to the most saturnine were compelled to join in the return a verdict against some freebooter of the roar they provoked. Gaelic sermons he would sea. But the Leaves from a Journal are replete say, and Gaelic songs he would sing; though of with a feeling of poetry, if not with poetical ideas. the knowledge of Gaelic he was innocent; and And thus much at least may be said in favor of bewildered Celts listened and could not tell whether all the verse in the volume-if the ideas are proit was or was not their own language that fell saic, and not unfrequently commonplace, (as will so glibly from his lips. Italian bravuras he could be the case even with men of talent, when, actroll, albeit Italian was to him an unknown tongue customed only to express themselves in prose, and Nature had denied him a musical ear; De they rashly take upon them the fetters of rhythm,) Begnis listening the while to his improvisation they are always the ideas of a man of sound with delight, and Tamburini with blank astonish-sense and healthy generous feelings; if the metre ment. When the acute indefatigable advocate halts at times and is always stiff, it at least shows slipped out of his wig and gown and away from that the writer has perused and reperused Milton his multitudinous briefs, he could seem a very until the cadence of the poet's verse has become incarnation of one of Shakspere's clowns. And, familiar to him. Lord Robertson may hold up though he served no nobleman or potentate in that his head among his brother and sister amateur capacity, yet was he liegeman to an order. In versifiers, confident that he is as good as most of those merry days, Edinburgh had its Guelphs and them. Ghibellines-its Dundasites and its believers in the old "Blue-and-yellow"-perhaps still has, for in provincial circles such feuds are nursed with an inveterate pertinacity, to metropolitan circles inconceivable,) and "Peter" was a stanch Tory. At a circuit-dinner in Jedburgh, some small Border laird grew angry because our hero marched out of the room before him, (unthinkingly, it may be, though in strict etiquette the precedence was his right,) and valorously demanded, "Who are you, sir?" "Who am I, sir?" responded the imperturbable Peter; "don't you know me, sir?" am buffoon-general to the tories of Edinburgh, sir?"

I

To an observant beholder there was something anomalous in the face of Mr. Patrick Robertson. His mouth was finely formed, and had an expression of delicate sentiment; and they who knew the man were aware that in the innermost recesses of his mind there was really a rich vein of fine thought and feeling. Generous he was, both in

Yet will his volume give rise to a world of mystification. All the small fry of Scotch toriesand all who at Offley's or the Cider Cellar have caught a transient glimpse of Peter before he was raised to the bench-will read on and on, ever expecting that next page the joking is to begin. His brethren on the seat of judgment will be fluttered as by "an eagle in a dovecot." The president will bluster, and the justice clerk look grave. thinking this publication of poetry by a Lord of Session infra dignitatem; Lord Jeffrey will pick out some felicitous turn of expression, and compli ment him upon it; Lord Murray will hesitate between reluctance to give pain and incapacity to be insincere, and remain silent; and Lord Cockburn will say, that "whereas the muse of his country found Burns at the plough and cast the mantle of her inspiration over him, she found Lord Robertson on the bench and dropped on him a 'double gown' after government had ceased to bestow such honors."

LITTELL'S LIVING AGE.—No. 58.-21 JUNE, 1845.

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2. Dr. Edward Jenner,
3. Sophia of Wolfenbuttel,
4. History of the Fireplace,
5. Mr. Caudle's Party,

6. The Portendick Blockade,

7. National Arbiters,

8. A Bit of Still Life in Connemara,

9. The Victims of Diplomacy,

10. Steam Communication with France, 11. How to deal with Irish Treason, 12. Electric Telegraph,

13. Impunity of Military Misconduct, 14. American Designs regarding Oregon, 15. Maynooth a Voice from the Past, 16. Sidney's Life of Lord Hill, 17. On the Occult Sciences, 18. Capabilities,

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Times and Bell's Messenger, Chambers' Journal,

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POETRY.-Poet's Appeal, 544-Parental Ode to My Son, 549-Mirror of the Danube, 552
-Care in Heaven, 562-Saturday Night Thoughts, 584.
SCRAPS.-Literature going to the Wall; Old Couple, 548-Mr. Hood; New Potatoes;
Lusus Naturæ, 549-Theobald Mathew, 558-Porcelain Painting, 561-British Associa-
tion, 566—Railway across Menai Straits, 582—Paraguay, 584.

OREGON.

From the Times.

It is convenient and desirable that the public in this country should be in possession of the views taken of the Oregon question by men of coolness and judgment on the other side of the Atlantic; and at the present moment the opinions contained in the last letter of our correspondent, "A Genevese Traveller," and in the speech delivered by Mr. Calhoun in the month of January, 1843, will have been read with the greatest interest. The argument of our correspondent scarcely touches the real merits of the case; it amounts simply to this, that the Americans have on all occasions claimed the whole of the territory in dispute, and that the compromise they offered in 1826 is the utmost limit of concession on their part. We anticipated some weeks ago the difficulty which Mr. Polk might have to encounter, if he were disposed to conclude a convention on any terms less favorable to the United States than those which constituted the ultimatum of the commissioners of 1826, namely, the prolongation of the 49th degree parallel of latitude from the Rocky Mountains to the sea. But, in reality, those former abortive negotiations have nothing to do with the matter. If this was a question of absolute, indefeasible right to the territory, it would admit of no surrender and no delay on either side; but it is, on the contrary, a joint, indefinite, and abstract right, and it is only by some species of concession or partition that it can ever receive any concrete shape or real character at all. The opinion of Mr. Gallatin is reported to be, "that the American claim to Oregon up to the 49th degree of latitude is clear and indisputable; beyond that point to the 55th degree it is fairly the subject of argument and

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compromise." Whereas the opinion of the best authorities in this country is precisely the inverse, namely, that the British claim from the 55th to the 49th degree is clear, indisputable, and exelusive, but that south of the 49th degree the territory is open to joint occupation and ultimate partition. This is the view taken by the French writer, M. Duflot de Mofras, as the most favoraable to the Americans which he can at all bring himself to entertain; and it is the principle upon which alone Mr. Huskisson and Mr. Addington negotiated on behalf of the British government in 1826. In point of fact, however, this distinction with reference to the 49th parallel of latitude appears to us to be arbitrary and unfounded; that line has never been mentioned in any of the earlier treaties; and it has now crept into the discussion apparently for no better reason than that it is the boundary of the two states east of the Rocky Mountains established by the convention of 1818.

It is, however, to be feared that the unsuccessful negotiations which were terminated by the temporary convention of 1827, will materially embarrass both parties in the course of that arrangement which is now pending. The question we are trying to untie has unluckily run into a knot; and neither country cares to yield one jot more than it would twenty years ago;-a memorable example, be it observed, of the danger of abortive attempts at negotiations, when the very fact and cause of a former failure becomes hereafter a serious aggravation of the real difficulty! In this instance, as between the two parties to the dispute, the point of honor thus raised long ago has more real weight than the geographical merits of the case or the actual amount of interest. But it is by the merits of the case and the fair interests of

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