Ohio and Miami universities.

sued, or a school in which special technical or professional studies are pursued." Such a school, the law continues, “may, when legally organized, have the right to confer degrees in agreement with the terms of the law regulating its practice or its charter; or in the want of legislative direction, in agreement with the practices of the better institutions of learning of their respective kinds in the United States." While there are numerous institutions in the State which fit this definition,1 there are only four to the support of which the State contributes by general taxation. Three of these-Ohio University at Athens, Miami University at Oxford, and Ohio State University at Columbus-were founded on land grants from the Federal Government; and the fourth-Wilberforce University near Xenia-is an institution for the advanced instruction of colored youth.

Ohio and Miami universities were founded on the first land grants ever made by Congress for the endowment of institutions of advanced learning. Two townships were obtained by the Ohio Company, and were used for the establishment and support of Ohio University, which was chartered under its present name in 1804. One township was received by the settlers of Symme's Purchase, who devoted it to the endowment of Miami University. This institution was incorporated in 1809, but was not opened until 1824. Neither of these colleges was favored with State aid until 1881, when both began to receive small annual appropriations from the State. They are managed by boards of trustees appointed by the governor. By an act of the legislature passed in March, 1902, the trustees of both institutions were authorized to establish State normal col

'The School Report for 1901, 332, gives a list of thirty-seven.

leges in connection therewith. The support for these normal schools is provided by a special tax of onethirtieth of a mill on each dollar of the valuation of the taxable property of the State. This levy produces an annual income of about $65,000, which is divided between Ohio and Miami universities in the ratio of seven to five. These are the first normal schools established by the State, but normal departments have been in existence for several years both at Ohio University and at Ohio State University. Normal instruction has also been given by teachers' institutes, the training schools of our principal cities, and by private and sectarian colleges in the State, including eight normal colleges. In 1903 Ohio University had 28 instructors and 419 students, and Miami University 15 instructors and 124 students.

University.

Ohio State University was established as the result Ohio State of the congressional legislation of 1862, which has produced a class of great State universities. This legislation, which applied to all the States, gave to each a quantity of land, or its equivalent in land scrip, for the endowment of at least one college in which branches related to agriculture and the mechanic arts should be taught, "without excluding other scientific and classical studies." Ohio received the value of 630,000 acres, which was converted into a permanent fund for the proposed college. Franklin county gave $300,000 and the city of Columbus $28,000 to secure the location of the college at the capital of the State. The university was founded in 1870 and received its present name in 1878. By general taxation the State provides it with an annual income, which amounted to $300,000 for the year 1903. Its revenue from all sources for the same

Wilberforce
University.

year was $416,700. The institution has grown rapidly and now embraces six colleges, as follows: the College of Agriculture and Domestic Science, the College of Arts, Philosophy, and Science, the College of Engineering, the College of Law, the College of Pharmacy, and the College of Veterinary Medicine. It has 146 instructors and 1800 students. Its board of seven trustees is appointed by the governor. Members of the legislature are each entitled to designate a youth from their respective districts to receive instruction in the agricultural department free of tuition.

Wilberforce University was founded in 1856 for the advanced education of colored youth, and is under the supervision of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1888 the State established a normal and industrial department here, and has since contributed to its support. Each member of the legislature has the right to select a youth from his district to receive the benefits of the department free of tuition. In 1901 Wilberforce had 20 instructors and 341 students. Besides the institutions mentioned above there are in Ohio thirty-three other colleges and universities with a total attendance of about 7500 students. These are supported by private endowment and tuition fees.

CHAPTER X

THE SUPERVISION OF CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS

62. REFERENCES

Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, "Charity, Public," "Charity, State,” "Pauperism," "Prisons and Prison Discipline;" Ford, American Citizen's Manual, Part II., “Charitable Institutions;" Ellis, The Criminal (in Contemporary Science Series); Pierce, Half Century of Juvenile Delinquents; American Review of Reviews, XVI. p. 471ff; Orth, "The Centralization of Administration in Ohio" (Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, XVI., No. 3), ch. 3, "Charities and Corrections."

Constitution of Ohio (1851), Art. VII., “Public Institutions;" Bates, Annotated Ohio Statutes, I. pp. 385-445, "Benevolent Institutions;" pp. 148-1060, "Hospitals, Infirmaries and Children's Homes," pp. 995-1034, "Reformatory Institutions and Prisons;" II. pp. 3484-3511, “Jails and the Penitentiary;" Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections; Annual Reports of the Board of State Charities; Annual Reports of the superintendents of the various institutions in the Executive Documents published by the State; Bates, Annotated Ohio Statutes, III. index, under the names of the various benevolent and correctional institutions.

63. PUBLIC CHARITABLE AND CORRECTIONAL WORK

of charitable

and

It has already been said that the educational work of The nature the State is intended to increase the intelligence and prosperity of the people and to prevent pauperism and correctional crime. While education is able to do much for society, it is inadequate to supply the deficiencies of certain classes in the community. These are the dependent,

work.

The dependent

class.

The defective class.

defective, and delinquent classes, which are the recipients of such care and aid as private charity can bestow, but which also need the supervision of the State and local governments. This work of supervision is commonly called "the supervision of charities and corrections." It is carried on at the public expense because both the interests and sentiments of the community demand that the poor and the helpless shall be relieved as far as possible, and that the delinquent or criminal class shall be punished and, if possible, reformed.

The dependent class includes (1) the poor who by reason of misfortune need temporary aid from the public; (2) the aged and infirm who lack both means and friends, and therefore require permanent relief; (3) the indigent sick who must be cared for until they are able to support themselves; (4) needy veterans of war and those dependent on them, who are provided for on account of the patriotic feeling of the public, and (5) children who are left without homes, or are neglected by their parents.

The defective class comprises those who require support and special treatment on account of some physical or mental disability or disease. The blind, deaf and dumb, epileptic, feeble-minded, and insane belong to this class. These people are gathered into hospitals and asylums where they receive special medical attention. The blind, deaf and dumb, and feeble-minded are provided with special schools, and are trained in such occupations as will help them to earn a livelihood. Many of the epileptics, feeble-minded, and insane are sufficiently restored to render them capable of self-support. Those who cannot be cured are cared for under proper restraint throughout their lives.