THE LION DOING HOMAGE TO “PEACE" PRINCIPLES.

"A man belonging to Mr. Schmelen's congregation at Bethany, returning homewards from a visit to his friends, took a circuitous course in order to pass a small fountain, or rather pool, where he hoped to kill an antelope to carry home to his family. The sun had risen to some height by the time he reached the spot, and seeing no game, he laid his gun down on a shelving low rock, the back part of which was covered over with a species of dwarf thorn-bushes. He went to the water, took a hearty drink, and returned to the rock, smoked his pipe, and being a little tired, fell asleep. In a short time the heat reflected from the rock awoke him, and, opening his eyes, he saw a large lion crouching before him, with its eyes glaring in his face, and within little more than a yard of his feet. He sat motionless for some minutes, till he had recovered his presence of mind; then eyeing his gun, moved his hand slowly towards it; the lion seeing him, raised its head and gave a tremendous roar; he made another and another attempt, but the gun being far beyond his reach, he gave it up, as the lion seemed well aware of his object, and was enraged whenever he attempted to move his hand.

"His situation now became painful in the extreme; the rock on which he sat became so hot that he could scarcely bear his naked feet to touch it, and kept moving them, alternately placing one above the other. The day passed, and the night also, but the lion never moved from the spot; the sun rose again, and its intense heat soon rendered his feet past feeling. At noon the lion rose, and walked to the water, only a few yards distant, looking behind as he went, lest the man should move, and, seeing him stretch out his hand to take his gun, turned in a rage and was on the point of springing upon him. The animal went to the water, drank, and returning, lay down at the edge of the rock. Another night passed. The man, in describing it, said, he knew not whether he slept, but if he did, it must have been with his eyes open, for he always saw the lion at his feet. Next day, in the forenoon, the animal went again to the water, and while there, he listened to some noise, apparently from an opposite quarter, and disappeared in the bushes. The man now made another effort, and seized his gun; but on attempting to rise, he fell, his ankles being without power. With his gun in his hand, he crept towards the water, and drank, but looking at his feet, he saw as he expressed it, his 'toes roasted' and the skin torn off with the grass. There he sat a few moments expecting the lion's return, when he resolved to send the contents of the gun through his head; but as it did not appear, tying his gun to his back, the poor man made the best of his way on his hands and knees, to the nearest path, hoping some solitary individual might pass. He could go no farther, when, providentially, a person came up, who took him to a place of safety, from whence he obtained help, though he lost his toes and was a cripple for life."pp. 139, 140.

THE MISSIONary's fare.

"I had neither bread nor vegetables. Mr. Bartlet, of Pella, once sent me a bag containing a few pounds of salt, but on examining it, I could scarcely tell whether there was most sand or salt; and having become accustomed to do without it, I hung it upon a nail, where it remained untouched. My food was milk and meat, living for weeks together on one, and then for a while on the other, and again on both together. All was well so long as I had either; but sometimes they both failed, and there were no shops in the country, where I could have purchased; and had there been any, I must have bought on credit, for money I had none.

I had purchased some ewes from Mr. Ebner when he left the country, which I spared, hoping to get now and then a lamb. My meals consisted frequently of a draught of milk in the morning, another at noon, and a third at night, either sweet, sour, or curdled. I had frequently pretty long fasts, and have had recourse to the

'fasting girdle,' as it is called. On more than one occasion after the morning service, I have shouldered my gun, and gone to the plain or the mountain-brow in search of something to eat, and, when unsuccessful, have returned, laid down my piece, taken the word of life, and addressed my congregation. I never liked begging, and have frequently been hard put to; but many a time has an unknown friend placed in my hut a portion of food, on which I have looked with feelings better conceived than described."—pp. 146, 147.

MOFFAT WITHOUT A HELPMEET.

"The supply of clothes which I had received in London were, as is too often the case, made after the dandy fashion, and, I being still a growing youth, they soon went to pieces. There were no laundry-maids there, nor any thing like ironing or mangling. The old woman who washed my linen, sometimes with soap, but oftener without, was wont to make one shirt into a bag, and stuff the others into it, and I just took them out as they were, and more than once have I turned one, to feel the comfort of a clean shirt.

"My dear old mother, to keep us out of mischief in the long winter evenings, taught me both to sew and knit; and when I would tell her I intended being a man, she would reply, 'Lad, ye dinna ken whar your lot will be cast.' She was right, for I have often had occasion to use the needle since. I remember once she showed me how a shirt might be smoothed by folding it properly, and hammering it with a piece of wood. Resolving one day to have a nice shirt for the Sabbath, I folded up one, and having prepared a suitable block, I laid it on, not a smooth hearth-stone but fine granite, and hammered away in good earnest, when Africaner coming by said, 'What are you doing?' 'Smoothing my shirt,' I replied, 'That is one way,' said be. So it was, for on holding it up to view, it was riddled with holes, some as large as the point of my finger. When I left the country I had not half a dozen shirts with two sleeves a piece."-pp. 147, 148.

It is in reviewing as it is in the corn market, the trade is best carried on by supplying samples to purchasers. It is the sample that tempts the purchase. We vouch for it that our samples are not superior to the rich store of grain in Mr. Moffat's warehouse, that is to say, his book. We thank God for what Mr. Moffat has done, and for what he has written. This book is, in thrilling incidents, and in truthful narrative, equal to Mr. Williams's Missionary Enterprise, and we are persuaded that, by giving a fresh impulse to the English mind, it will form a new era in missionary spirit. The Christian public owe much to Mr. Snow, the enterprising missionary publisher, who gets these works up in a style that does credit to his taste, and gives pleasure to missionary readers. The engravings and woodcuts deserve high praiseand so does the Missionary Map of Africa, constructed on purpose for this work.

May the God of missions bless our "brother beloved," and bless also the fit partner of his missionary life. May he establish the work of their hands upon them; yea, the work of their hands may he establish it.

Elements of Mental and Moral Science. By George Payne, LL.D. Second edition, enlarged. Gladding. pp. 418.

WHEN this work was originally published, we expressed our opinion of its merits, at considerable length; and we are happy to find that it has now reached a second edition. It contains the best compendium of Dr. Thomas Brown's intellectual philosophy that we know of; and we think it calculated to be exceedingly useful to those who wish to be acquainted with the doctrines of the improved Scottish school, without entering on the theories of the French and German metaphysicians. The work, however, as the author observes, is not "a mere compilation; every doctrine has passed through the crucible of his own mind." In various points of mental philosophy, he differs from Brown; but on the subjects of moral philosophy, his theories are quite opposed to those of the Scottish philosopher, who lays the foundation of virtue in the arbitrary constitution of the mind.

The present edition varies, in some points, from the last. The elements of mental science have been somewhat condensed, in order to allow space for an extension of the ethical part of the work; and the author has, in both parts, but especially in the latter, introduced modifications and alterations in some of his theories. The principal of these revisions occurs with reference to desire and volition, involving also the author's views on the faculty of attention. Dr. Payne departs, in the present edition, from Brown's theory, that attention is simply desire, existing as an additional element with other mental states, and in a peculiar reference to them, and he adopts the doctrine of Dugald Stewart, that attention is a "mental effort," though it must be admitted that the nature of this mental state is not very clearly distinguished. It is evident that the author's views on this point are influenced by those which he holds respecting desire and volition; and we are inclined to think that much depends here (as well as on other points where minute analysis is required) on the precise signification which we give to terms. Many of the abstruser inquiries in mental philosophy are so much affected by the terminology, that they are, to an extent that is not always duly appreciated, questions of nomenclature. With the limits, however, to which we are confined, it would be hopeless to attempt a discussion of the point before us. On the subject of desire and volition, our author agrees with Dr. Brown, that, in the cases adduced by Reid respecting the opposition of desire and volition, there is no real opposition, ultimately, between them; and that "the determination of the mind never is, and never can be, to do what in the particular circumstances of the moment, we do not desire to do.".... "Still, I am of opinion," he adds, "that desire is not volition, but only an incitement to it, which may at all times be, and actually sometimes is

withstood." That desire and volition express mental phenomena which are not exactly the same, is plain from the very use of the different terms. It seems as impossible to define volition as to define desire; and this may be an argument that in volition there is something sui generis. We have long regarded volition as the most mysterious function of the mind; and have felt dissatisfied with Brown's illustrations on this subject, from his apparent limitation of acts of the will to mere bodily movements; since, as Dr. Chalmers observes, “a volition is as distinctly felt in the mental as in the bodily process." On the subject of the causative influence of motives on volition, many important remarks are added, in the present edition. We must add, that Dr. Payne's book derives a considerable value from his repeatedly exemplifying the essential connexion which subsists between mental philosophy and many of the great questions connected with morals and religion.

The last hundred pages are occupied in treating of " Moral Science," and so much additional matter has here been introduced, as to constitute, so far as this part of the volume is concerned, a new work. The discussions which are here included, relate, first, to "rectitude in the action," involving the questions-what is rectitude? and what is the standard of rectitude? Secondly, to virtue in the agent. Our author thinks that it admits of doubt, whether, in the valuable work of our venerated friend Dr. Wardlaw, on Christian Ethics, there is a sufficient distinction between the powers of the human mind, and its actual phenomena; and that, in consequence, some of that excellent writer's remarks on the actual state of human nature, viewed as a moral instrument, are liable to an extreme interpretation. We must confess, that while we have studied Dr. Wardlaw's work with great admiration, we have always felt that the moral constitution of man, even as it stül remains, has scarcely received its due, amidst the laudable zeal which is manifested to avoid and expose the error common to so many writers on ethics, namely, to build up a satisfactory system of moral philosophy on the principle of mere induction from the actual phenomena of the moral world. That man is in a state of ruin, none who believe the Bible can deny, but, whatever harmony with the testimony of revelation it is possible to elicit from that ruin, is so much gained by way of silencing the sceptical philosopher.

Dr. Payne's work is highly valuable to the ethical student, in consequence of the judicious and dispassionate examination which he has instituted of the most popular theories which have prevailed on moral subjects. Those of Hobbs, Hutchison, Adam Smith, Brown, Butler, Jonathan Edwards, Clarke, Price, Paley, and Dwight, are respectively discussed. Dr. Payne thus states his own views respecting the nature of rectitude.

"Rectitude has a real existence in affections and actions; or, there is an essential distinction between right and wrong.”—p. 330. “Rectitude is the conformity of an

action, or affection, with the relations of the agent; of which conformity, the unerring intellect of God, guided in its exercise by his perfectly holy nature, is the only infallible judge." "God has given us a revelation of the judgment he forms of the moral character of actions and affections, in the moral nature he has bestowed on man, and in the moral judgments and emotions to which that nature gives existence."-p. 394. "God has given to us pre-eminently, a revelation of the judgment he forms of actions and affections, in the volume of inspiration."-p. 399.

With regard to virtue in the agent, Dr. Payne states that three things appear essential.

"The action must be voluntary; it must be a right action; and it must be performed, because it is right."-p. 402.

Without committing ourselves to every statement of our author, we can safely recommend the book to those who wish to look beyond the surface of morals, as an excellent guide to an intelligent acquaintance with the subject. We may add, that the style of this volume is plain, lucid, void of all ambition of fine writing, which, if ever misplaced, certainly is so, when questions on the subjects of intellectual and moral philosophy are to be elucidated.

CURSORY NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.

Messrs. Bagster & Sons have recently increased their claims on the grateful support of the religious public, and especially of biblical students, by the publication of two editions of the New Testament. The first is, "A Fac-simile Reprint of the celebrated Genevan Testament, MDLVII., with the marginal annotations and references, the initial and other wood-cuts, preface, and index." This version was made by the English exiles at Geneva during the persecutions of Mary, and was “conferred diligently with the Greek and best approved translations." "The Epistle" is from the pen of Calvin, and the style, orthography, and form, and even the “fautes committed in the printing" are retained, so that it is a perfect transcript of that venerable book, which will be found alike interesting and instructive to the student of the New Testament. The second is, "A Critical New Testament in Greek and English," and, without exception, it is, in our judgment, the most beautiful and convenient copy of the inspired text we have ever seen. It consists of the Greek of Scholz, in a distinct and beautiful type, divided into paragraphs, the verses being indicated by small numerals, while the authorized version is printed as a marginal column on the same page with the Greek. The textual and marginal readings of Griesbach, and the variations of the editions of Stephens, Beza, and the Elzevir, are inserted as foot-notes, together with the marginal renderings of the English authorized version. Thus, in this admirable edition, the student has at one view all that he ordinarily wants to aid the perusal of the New Testament, and with this additional satisfaction, that the type is so clear and large, that he will not have to abandon the use of a favourite copy of the inspired pages in advancing life, because the text is no longer legible. (Bagster & Sons.)

We have great pleasure in announcing Parts XXIX., XXX., and XXXI. of " The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,” which complete that important and most interesting work. It forms one thick 8vo. volume of more than 1100 pages, and is illustrated by upwards of 500 vignettes from the antique. The articles have