The organization of the male flower of the mosses has been also the subject of the researches of Messrs. Mirbel and Schubert. After Hedwig it would have heen difficult to discover any new facts on this subject. But the rupture of the antheræ and the emission of the pollen were phenomena which several botanists call in question. Our two botanists assert that they are presented in the most unequivocal manner to our eyes. The organs which Hedwig calls males in the polytrichum commune, placed upon water, are cleft into a beak at their summit, and sent

out an oleaginous liquor, which extended like a slight cloud over the surface of the liquid. Messrs. Mirbel and Schubert then submitted comparatively to observation the pollen of a great number of phanerogamous plants, and they saw that it acted in the same way as the male parts of the mosses: which leads them to believe that those parts designated under the name of antheræ by Hedwig, might possibly be nothing else than simple grains of naked pollen of a particular form.

Life and Death of a Monkey, or the Village of Alten; a Tale for Young Persons. 68.

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533

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123.

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and a half, (or more or less,) which is attached to the nozle, (or into the top of the candlestick,) and by its elasticity embraces the candle that may be put

boost,, endering the introduction of ribbons or paper, to keep the candle upright, altogether unnecessary.

His self-extinguisher is a little apparatus, consisting of two circular plates of metal, with a cylindric tubular edge or hook, on one or both of them, serving to join the two plates as a little thin box,

and

and each of them, that is, the top and bottom of the box, perforated with a round hole, of sufficient diameter to allow the apparatus to pass over a candle. In the space between the said plates, a spring is placed, which, by the action of a little lever, moved by a button or handle beneath the lower plate, or by any other suitable contrivance, may be moved back, and kept upon the strain till the apparatus is put over the candle, and placed at any length of tallow from the flame, which it is intended shall be con sumed before the light is to be extinguished. This extinguisher being put in its place, and the body of the candle forming the resisting medium by which the spring is prevented from returning by its own action to its place of rest, as the tallow is consumed low enough, the said spring will, by its own elasticity, pass through the diameter of the candle, pressing down the wick in its passage, into the melted tallow, and extinguishing the flame. Or, in place of a spring only, a little lever or tumbler may be introduced, connected with a spring, to give it action; which lever or tumbler shall be pulled across the candle by the spring attached to it, or acting upon it, when the tallow is consumed down to the part of the candle at which the extinguisher is fixed.

SOON as

Mr. JAMES WOOD, of St. Giles's, Musical Instrument Maker, for Improvements in the German Flute, Clarionet, and Bassoon.-April 1, 1814.

The nature of this invention, as applied to the German flute, consists in the constructing and applying a cylindrical tube within the bottom part of the upper or top joint of the flute; and adapting the like cylindrical tube upon the outside of the bottom part of the said upper or top joint, forming together a double cylindrical tube, with a proper and sufficient space between the outer and inner tubes, to join with the like double cylindrical tube formed by the adapting the like cylin drical tubes within, and upon the top of the second joint of the flute, and which double cylindrical tubes so inserted, are made to slide into or over each other; so that, when joined together, they form one complete whole or piece, which may freely be pulled in or out, when it is required to flatten or sharpen the pitch, in order to tune the flute to any other in strument; and he makes but one separation, or division, between the first and second joints of the flute, which is at the junction formed by the sliding of the

535

double cylindrical tubes; and no thread, flax, or other matter is required, as, by the application, insertion, or adaption of the double cylindrical tubes, the instru ment is rendered perfectly air-tight at the different joints, is always ready for use, and the whole preserved from decay. He also marks or divides the outside of each joint into spaces marked b; so that the marked spaces on each joint correspond, and act with each other when it is required to make the instru ment flatter or sharper, by pulling in or out the sliding double cylindrical tubes, as occasion may require; so that the flute can be made considerably sharper than concert pitch, or flattened nearly half note if necessary; by which means every part of the instrument bears a correct analogy, and the same just and harmonical proportion as when tuned to concert pitch, both with respect to the double and hitherto-unknown advantage of retaining its good quality of tone, and keeping the notes A G, and the lower D, as well as every other part of the instrument, perfectly in tune, though flattened nearly a note.

а

The same tubes are ingeniously applied to the clarionet and bassoon; but we can not describe the invention further without the aid of drawings.

To MESSRS. BROOKS, FLIGHT, and SPRATLEY, for improved Patent Axles.

These improvements allow of three different constructions: one, where the axle, being fixed in the nave of the wheel, works in a reservoir of oil, and is secured in it by the simplest, yet most secure, fastening ever invented; the se cond kind is an improvement on those axles before known, possessing, together with a more secure fastening, and an increased ease of action, the extraordinary power of giving, at pleasure, an end-play, or lateral motion, to the wheels, that may, with equal facility, be moved in an instant, without deranging the internal parts; the third kind is the same as the above, with the omission of the parts affording end-play. This axle is a great improvement on that which formerly has been considered as the most perfect; but it possesses over it a very great superiority, both in the ease of its motion, and in the security of its fastening.

Security is produced by the bolt, which is not liable to be displaced by any of the causes which remove the nuts or linch-pins from axles made on other principles. The nave admits of being shortened so as to be within the peri

phery

phery of the wheel, by which the contact of carriages at those parts are prevented, Strength is obtained by the shoulder of the axle being much larger than can be admitted on any other construction, and by the arm being a detached piece. The usual iron box in the nave being unnecessary, the mortices for the spokes may be deepened, and the whole considerably strengthened.

Simplicity in the operation of oiling is reudered so great, that it can be performed without taking off the wheels, and a single supply of the reservoir is sufficient for several thousand miles. The reservoir is kept air-tight, by means of leather washers.

Spare arms may be sent with carriages for exportation.

This invention embraces many other important advantages. The security against the wheel coming off is encreased beyond all former example, and while the friction is much lessened, and the smoothness of action is accomplished with the most admirable effect. This strength of the fastenings is far superior to any pressure that can ever be required. The axle works in a cast-iron box, fixed in the nave, which has cavities within it Efor retaining oil sufficient to supply its continual action for a long period.

In

short, this construction combines within it all that ever was desired.

By omitting those parts which afford end play, another new and very simple axle is constructed, which, for security, is far superior to those before invented. It has no soft metal nuts, and hence pos sesses great advantages over that formerly the most approved of; whose whole security against the wheel coming off depended upon nuts which have their threads so frequently stripped off. It has also a superiority in being replenished with oil, without the trouble of taking off the wheel, and it possesses besides many other advantages of great consideration.

List of recent Patents.

JOHN SPARKS MOLINE, of Leadenhall street, London, leather merchant; for an improved method of tanning leather. -March 28, 1814.

GEORGE SMART, of Ordnance-wharf, Westminster-bridge, timber merchant; for certain improvements in machinery for grinding corn, and various other articles. April 1, 1814.

JOSEPH C. DYER, in the Adelphi, merchant, for improvements in machinery for manufacturing nails of various kinds. April 1, 1814.

JOHN U. RASTRICK, of Bridgnorth, civil engineer; for a steam-engine on a new and improved construction.-April 1,

1814

HE claims of the Universities to

TH eleven copies of all new books and new editions, on the best paper, whether the same are entered at Stationers' Hall or not, continues to he felt by the booksellers and authors of London, as a question of serious importance to their interests. It is manifest to every sense, but the legal sense, that the Act of Anne was not imperative on publishers to enter, but only on the warehouse-keeper of Stationers' Hall to deliver after entry; yet, as a novel interpretation has been put on the clause, and as it is now contended that the Act means something which is not implied by the logical bearing or grammatical construction of its sentences, a new Act to amend and explain has been judged necessary, and has been recently brought under the consideration of the legislature. We have not room to insert it entire, but the substance of it cannot fail to interest all our readers who are concerned in literary

property, and the literary public in ge

neral. It is entitled "A Bill to amend of Learning, by securing the Copies and the several Acts for the Encouragement Copyright of printed Books, to the Au thors of such Books, or their Assigns."

5; requiring, on entry, the delivery to The preamble recites 8 Anne, c. 19, the Stationers' Company, for the use of certain public libraries in England and Scotland, of nine copies of books printed and published, as therein mentioned;-and the 41 Geo. III. which requires the delivery of two copies, for the use of public libraries in Dublin, of books entered at Stationers' Hall. It proposes that the provisions of the recited Acts, as to delivering copies to public libraries, shall be repealed. That eleven printed copies shall be delivered on demand within six months after publicaBritish Museum, &c. That no copies of a tion, for the use of the following libraries; second or subsequent edition shall be demanded, and that additions shall be printed, and delivered separately. That, instead of

copyright