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Third flora: this article is of a strong body, and is nearly equal to the foregoing. Sobres is red, and of a strong and good body; this is therefore inost generally in demand.

Coppers or Cortes; this is used principally for cold vats.

Carraccas, nearly the same as any of the above, but, if a preference can be given, the Guatimala tercetas are superior; in short, a very little difference mdeed exists in the qualities of the kinds mentioned above.

East India square fine blue; almost equal to terceta Guatimala, could it be divested of the limey substance obtained in its manufacture; it is used, like the Guatimala, for Saxon greens, and has latterly been preferred.

East India square fine purple; a good quality, nearly equal to the above; in foreign markets it has the preference

even to tercetas.

East India red violet; always in request for France, Vienna, Holland, Petersburgh, and indeed throughout the whole of the continent of Europe.

Fine coppers, or good shipping copper, is of a red strong paste, and in great de. mand for France, Holland, and Vienna, Low coppers, are exported principally to Sweden, Vienna, and Petersburgh.

Pale or shewy coppers are of a weak hody, and principally bought up by Jews for the Turkey, Petersburgh, and Vienna markets, as well as most other parts of Europe: this quality is therefore in very general demand.

One remark it is necessary to make with regard to all the indigoes from the East Indies, which is, that the Persian buyers have the culling or creaming of the Calcutta market prior to our merchants being supplied.

There are three other kinds of indigo mentioned below, but they are so very inferior that little of the first, and none of the two last, are at present to be met with in the London market.

Bourbon: this is now superseded by

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It is not a bill to prohibit all inocula tion for the smallpox, as he supposes.

It

very properly, in my opinion, prohibits church-wardens, overseers, &c. from inoculating the poor maintained by parishes, at the parish expence, because they do not possess the same right of judging in the case of pour children, as the parents do; and because it is very possible, a child of a poor man might have the small-pox communicated by this means contrary to the parents' judgment, and death might ensue. Parents, both poor and rich, are still at liberty to have their children inoculated with the small-pox virus, under certain regulations and restraints, to prevent the contagion being communicated, which latter regulation Mr. Lofft seems to approve.

Having rectified so material a mis-statement of the object of the bill, I shall avail myself of the present opportunity to make a few remarks on Mr. Lofft's assertion, that a bill to "prohibit the small-pox, neither can, nor will, take place." I think this question, which is an important one, is not to be determined entirely by abstract, theoretical reasoning, but also by the circumstances of the case, which are these. In every nation of Europe, except England, inoculation for the small-pox is absolutely prohibited, and when the disease appears naturally, seclusion from intercourse is rigorously enforced by magisterial authority; the consequence of which has been, that this heretofore prevalent and very destructive disease has almost disappeared, and I am authorised to assert, that such is the disparity of mortality by small-pox, between

1814.] Law for the Extirpation of the Small-por.

between England and the continent, that where one person dies by the small-pox on the continent, in a given number, there are ten deaths in England, notwithstanding the number of deaths in Eng land are not half what they were twenty years ago. Such being the facts, is it to be wondered at, that the legislature should behold with great uneasiness the lamentable, the unnecessary, annual loss of from 12 to 15,000 valuable lives above the mortality of other countries? And, as the strength and even wealth of nations greatly depend on their populations does it not become a political as well as moral duty to endeavour, by every justifiable means, to prevent such a waste of human life?

Let us now consider the question, Whether in a free country the law may not prohibit a mortal disease? What are the quarantine laws? Their propriety and necessity has been universally admitted; they are a prohibition of the plague; they are a restraint on the personal liberty both of the infected and the uninfected; and if it has been necessary to interpose a restraint on the liberty of the subject, regarding the plague and yellow fever, Why, let me ask, should they not equally take cognizance of the small-pox, which is a plague? The three diseases mentioned are all highly dangerous, mortal, and infectious; the smallpox so much so, that it is to

393

ability to walk about, while those who
have it naturally and more severely are
confined at home. And, however ing
oculation for the small-pox may have
been beneficial to individuals, by lessen="
ing the chance of death from 1 in 3 to
1 in 300, yet I am bold to assert it has
been no benefit to the community ac
large, but the reverse; which is evident,
both by the bills of mortality and the
writings of respectable medical men,
which concur in proving, that the disease
of small-p
-pox has increased in England
since the introduction of inoculation, in
the proportion of 19 in every 100.

I hope I am as much a friend to real
beneficial liberty as Mr. Lofft can be,
and would as strenuously resist every
attempt to infringe that best of privi
leges; but then it must be a privilege to
do good, and not, as is pleaded for in this
case, a privilege to do mischief. The
question will bear to be treated theoreti
cally as well as practically. Mr. Lofft,
as a lawyer, need not be reminded, that
man, in entering into society, must neces-
sarily relinquish some private rights for
the public benefit; neither can he be
unacquainted with the standard maxim
of the law, that "salus populi suprema
ler."
J. L.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

POOR man (under loss sight)

destroy one-third of those attacked by A has some time or the top of sif it

studying arithmetic; he makes use of the palpable Notation, invented by Dr. Moyes, of Manchester, as inserted in several Encyclopædias; the description of pegs the Dr. used for letters and signs in Algebra are not mentioned. The person is now pursuing Algebra, but is at a loss to proeced for want of some palpable representation of letters and signs, He sup poses the Dr. had some kind of pegs to denote them, in addition to those which served him for co-efficients. If any of your readers are acquainted with them, and would be kind enough to communicate it through the medium of your valuable Magazine, it would be esteemed a favour, and greatly facilitate the progress of the person for whose use it is solicited.

it in the natural way. And until Mr. Lofft can point out where it essentially differs from the plague and yellow fever, as an object of legislative interference, otherwise than in the degree of mortality it occasions, it will be too much to say that the legislature would not be authorised to prohibit it, or that such an act "neither can, nor will, take place." Through a very great tenderness and condescension to a supposed right of private judgment, and knowing the strong influence of long-established usages and customs, the legislature have not at present proposed altogether to prohibit the small-pox, by the bill now pending in parliament, but I am persuaded from no other reason. That such a measure may be ultimately necessary to get rid of this As the pegs the Dr. invented for the hideous disease, I think very probable; digits are so easy and preferable to any for so long as inoculation for the small-ther method we are acquainted with, it pox is tolerated, there is little chance of is not improbable the Dr's invention for its extinction, it being well known, that letters and symbols would be as expersons inoculated are the greatest dis- cellent. eminators of the contagion, from their

Wisbech, May 1, 1814.

T

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

ERMIT me to lay before the pub

a description, of the Patent Steam Car riage, which gives great facility to the conveyance of coals, minerals, and other

Plicy through the medium of ded with a materiat

very valuable publication, a sketch, with

saving in the expense.

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The engine used on the railroad at Leeds is four horses power, being the most powerful one used at present, and is so constructed that by the operating aid of cranks (fixed at right angles) it puts in motion a cogged wheel, acting in teeth cast on one side of the rail-road itself, or a separate rack, by which a considerable propelling power is given to the machine; a power so considerable that when the carriage is lightly loaded it travels at the rate of 10 miles an hour, but when loaded with 30 coal-waggons, which is frequently the case, each weighing 34 tons, it is propelled ou a dead level at the rate of 84 miles an hour.

The use of these Steam Carriages has given the greatest satisfaction, and they promise to be attended with the most beneficial effects, particularly as it is clearly ascertained that at least fivesixths of the expence of conveying goods by horses will be saved by the invention.

The Steam Carriage has been fi fully employed at Leeds since June 1812, and, to the satisfaction of the patentee, was not impeded even during the great falls of snow in January last; and more waggons of coals were conveyed to Leeds in that severe month, by the locomotive en gine, than in any preceding one e by horses.

Any gentleman wishing to see the per formance of the Steam Carriage will be much gratified by visiting Middleton Colliery, Leeds, Yorkshire; Orrell Col liery, Wigan, Lancaster; or Kenton and Coxlodge Collieries, near Newcastle. pon-Tyne, where they are daily at work. JOHN BLENKINSOP.

Middleton Hall, near Leeds,
March 26, 1814.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

T

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I Hall, at page 297,

appears to me, that your corre

has omitted to state, that the two strata of chalk only a yard thick each, which he mentions at bottom of col. 1, were in loose fragments, and that the whole of the beds which he mentions, are allu. vial, moved and mixed matters, lodged on the great stratum of chalk, whose thickness, he says, is not ascertained. The staty coal of Helton and Okeford Fitzpain, N.E. of Dorchester, which Mr. H. mentions, seems to belong to the ch. vering of the plastic clay of Burbeck, kabove the chalk: the large oysters of Ansty in Helton, answer to those found

895

on the S.W. of Reading town, between
the plastic red clay and the chalk. The
supposed tortoises of Lewis Melburry,
are, I believe, only Ludi Helmonti,
which used to be called turtle-stones,
from the supposed resemblance of the
compartments formed on their surfaces,
by the septa therein, to those on the
shells of turtles,
John Farey, Sen.
Westminster, May 1.

For the Monthly Magazine.
Ancient Manners.
No. I.

are promised a series of papers, by an eminent Antiquary, similar to that of which we here introduce the first Num ber; and judging of the literary perceptions of our readers by our own, we are persuaded that they will anticipate,in his successive communications, a new source of periodical pleasure.]

IN

I. HATS.

Na paper found among Secretary Cecil's manuscripts, concerning the va rieties, or confusion more properly, in which the English service was performed at the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, in the article of apparel, is this: "Some with a square cap; some with a round cap; some with a button cap some with a hat; some in scholars clothes; some in others. ม Bishop Ma dor's Vindication of the Church of England against Neale, p. 156.-In the 'same work, p. 187, one Mr. Cole, a puTritan chaplain to some great lord, is said to have appeared at court at that time, the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, in his hat and short cloak..

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11. HOUR-GLASSES IN CHURCHES. Among Dr. Rawlinson's Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, No. 941 con tains a Collection of Miscellaneous DisCourses, by Mr. Lewis, of Margate, in Kent whence the following extract has been made:

"It appears that these hour-glasses were coeval with our Reformation. In a fine frontispiece prefixed to the Holy Bible of the bishops' translation, printed in 4to. by John Day, 1569, Archbishop Parker is represented in the pulpit with an hour-glass standing on his right hand; our's, here, stood on the left without any frame. It was proper that some time should be prescribed for the length of the sermon, and clocks and watches were not then so common as they are now. This time of an hour continued till the revolution, as appears by Bishop Sanderson's, Tillotson's, Stillingfleet's, Dr. Bar

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ANCIENT STRICTNESS OF DRESS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

Among the papers inserted in what is called the Black-paper Book of the University of Cambridge, Mr. Cole found a letter from the Chancellor, Lord Burleigh, dated, "from my house in the Strande, this seventhe of Maye, 1588," against excess of apparel, and containing certain orders which he required to be observed.

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The first of these orders was, "That no hatt be worne of anie graduat or scholler, within the said Universitie, (excepte it shal be when he shall journey owte of the towne, or) excepte in the tyme of his sicknes." All graduates were to wear square caps of cloth; and scholars, not graduates, round cloth "saving that it maye be lawfull for the sonnes of noblemen, or the sounes and heires of knights, to weare round caps of velvet, but no hats."

square caps, the saide Drs. and beads shal be likewise bounde to weare, wheif they shall resorte eyther to the courte, or to the citie of London."

3d. "And that the excesse of shirt bands and ruffes, exceding an ynche and halfe, (saving the sones of noblemen) the fashion and colour other than white, be avoyded presentlie; and no scholler, or fellowe of the foundation of anie howse of learninge, doe weare either in the Universitie or without, &c. anie hose, stockings, dublets, jackets, crates, or jerknees, or anie other kynde of garment of velvet, satten, or silke, or in the facing of the same shall have above yarde of silke, or shall use anie other light kynde of colour, or cuts, or gards, or fashion, the which shall be forbidden by the chancellor, &c."

4th. "And that no scholler doe weare anie long lockes of heare vppon his head, but that he be notted, pouled, or round. ed, after the accustomed maper of the gravest scholers of the saide Universitie."

The letter was addressed to Dr. Legge The penalty for every offence against these orders, or any of them, was 6s. 8d. to be levied hy one of the bedels if committed in public, and to be converted to the use of the University; and by masters and sub-heads in colleges for college use."-MS. Cole, vol. xlii. p. 408.

VI. TEA.

A folio sheet of the time of Charles II.

entitled "An Exact Description of the Growth, Quality, and Vertues of the Leaf Tea, by Thomas Garway, in Exchange Alley, near the Royal Exchange in London, tobacconist, and seller and retailer of tea and coffee," informs us the leaf for six pounds, and sometimes that "in England it hath been sold in for ten pounds the pound weight; and in respect of its former scarceness and dearness, it hath been only used as a regalia in high treatments and entertainprinces and grandees till the year 1657. ments, and presents made thereof to The said Thomas Garway did purchase a quantity thereof, and first publikely, sold the said tea in leaf and drink, made açcording to the directions of the most knowing merchants and travellers into 2d. All graduats "shall weare abroade those eastern countries: and upon knowin the University, going owte of his colledge and experience of the said Gar ledg, a gowne and an hoode of cloth, way's continued care and industry in obaccording to the order of his degree. taining the best tea, and ruaking drink Provided, that it shal be lawfull for everie thereof, D.D. and for the Mr. of anie coll. to cians, merchants, and gentlemen of quavery many noblemen, physi weare a sarcenet tippet, or a tippet of lity, have ever since sent to him for the velvet, according to the ancient customes said leaf, and daily resort to his house in of this realme, and of the saide Univer- Exchange Alley to drink the 'drink aitie. The whiche gowne, tippet, and thereof."

caps,

For

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