par may elect a temporary special judge, and when any supreme judge is disqualined to sit in any case, the gov. appoints a special judge to take his place. The sec. of state receives a salary of $1,800 per annum; treas. $2,250; auditor $2,250; atty.gen. $1,500, supt. public instruction $1,600; land commissioner $1,800; U. S. dist. judges (2) $1,000, $1,200; collector of internal revenue $2,750; and 10 deputy collectors $1,200-$1,500. The state govt. (1890) is democratic, with a party majority of 28 in the senate, 43 in the house, 71 on joint ballot. State elections are held biennially in even-numbered years, on the first Monday in Sep.; congressional and presidential elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Indians, idiots, and persons convicted of crime are excluded from voting.

No co. or municipal corporation can become a stockholder in any company, or lend its credit to any such company; nor can it levy a tax exceeding of 1 per cent. for all general purposes. No person who denies the being of a God can hold any office, or testify in any court.

The successive govs., with their terms of service, are as follows: Terr.. James Miller 1819-25; George Izard 1825– 29; John Pope 1829-35: William S. Fulton 1835-6; State: James S. Conway 1836-40; Archibald Yell 1840-44; Samuel Adams (acting) 1844; Thomas S. Drew 1844-48; John S. Roane 1848-52; Elias N. Conway 1852-60; Henry M. Rector 1860-64; Isaac Murphy 1864-68; Powell Clayton 1868-71; Ozro A. Hadley (acting) 1871-2; Elisha Baxter 1872-75; Augustus H. Garland 1875-77; William R. Miller 1877-81; Thomas J. Churchill 1881-83; Jaines H. Berry 1883-85; Simon P. Hughes 1885-89; James P. Eagle 1889-91

ARMIES of the principal nations of the world:

France.-According to the law of 1887, July 25, France had 1890 an active army comprising 28,446 officers; 1,228,901 non-commissioned officers and men; 26,000 non-combatants; 243,468 horses; 2,160 guns; and 40,907 vehicles. The field reserve had 9.482 officers; 822,558 non-commissioned officers and men; 492,314 non-combatants; 65,920 horses; 1.728 guns; and 4,680 vehicles. The first reserve had 14,605 officers; 937,992 non-commissioned officers and men; 80,404 horses; and 5,602 guns; the second reserve had 13 800 officers; 1,119,204 non-commissioned officers and men; 32,606 horses; and 864 guns. Total active: 66,333 officers; 4,108,655 non-commissioned officers and men; 422,398 horses; and 10,354 guns, including those in frontier fortresses The peace establishment comprised 358,509 inf.; 69,412 cav.; 77,840 artil.; 28,072 engineers and train; 119,300 horses; and 9,762 guns, including frontier fortresses.

The army is divided into 4 classes: (1) men who have been fully trained in the active army from 3 to 5 years; (2) men who have had one year's training; (3) men who have only been trained when called out with the reserve; (4) men without training, intended for non-combatant duties. The law enacts universal liability to serve, but it is not strictly enforced.

Germany.-By the army law of 1887 Germany had 1890 an active army comprising 22,942 officers; 756,091 noncommissioned officers and men; 276,757 non-combatants; 283,756 horses; 2,046 guns; and 32,354 vehicles. The field reserve had 11,432 officers; 311,794 non-commissioned officers and men; 3,904 non-combatants; 69,619 horses; 630 guns; and 13.787, vehicles. The first reserve had 13,843 officers; 884,109 non-commissioned officers and men; 86,324 horses; and 882 guns; the second reserve had 11,024 officers; 702.440 non-commissioned officers and men: 8,304 horses; and 528 guns. Total active: 59,241 officers; 2,654,434 non-commissioned officers and men; 448,063 horses; and 4,086 guns. The peace establishment comprised 342,608 inf.: 70,523 cav.; 56,204 artil.; 24,368 engineers and train; 148.400 horses; and 1,496 guns.

Germany has 9 milit. schools, 6 of which receive pupils at 10-15 years of age, who afterward finish at either Lichtenfeld, Dresden, or Munich. The studies pursued at all of these three are very severe. The War Acad. at Berlin is the highest of the milit. schools, and is open only to lieuts, and capts. who have served 3 years. Special schools are also maintained for instruction in artil., marksmanship, riding, gymnastics, medicine, surgery, and veterinary practice.

Great Britain. -Excluding colonial and Indian state troops Great Britain had 1890 an active army comprising 137,600 officers of all grades and men; 13,342 non-combatants; 63 000 horses; and 422 guns. The field reserve had 69,800 officers of all grades and men; and 338 guns. The first reserve had 750,000 officers of all grades and men; 142,600 horses; and 1,260 guns. The colonial and Indian state troops comprised 224,000 officers of all grades and men; and 182 guns. Total active: 1,181,400 officers of all grades and men; 205,600 horses; and 2,202 guns. The peace establishment comprised 46,214 inf.; 34,112 cav.; 86,200 artil; 22 000 engineers and train; 63,000 horses; and 422 guns. Service in the regular army is purely voluntary. See BRITISH ARMY.

Turkey.-The active army 1890 comprised 9,211 officers; 146,304 non-commissioned officers and men; 23,000 horses; and 2,408 guns. The field reserve had 19,200 officers; 600,000 non-commissioned officers and men; 84,000 horses: and 4,000 guns. Total active: 28,411 officers; 746,304 noncommissioned officers and men; 23,000 horses; and 4,000 guns, including those in frontier fortresses. The peace establishment was the same as the active army minus the reserve. The army is divided into the Nizam or active; Redif, or reserves; and Mustaphiz, or landsturm.

Russia. The active army 1890 comprised 26,482 officers; 1,409,542 non-commissioned officers and men; 82,714 noncombatants; 290,200 horses; 2,648 guns; and 38,400 vehicles. The field reserve had 22 302 officers; 989,401 noncommissioned officers and men; 88,986 non-combatants; 59,036 horses; 1.220 guns; and 9,308 vehicles. The first reserve had 22,810 officers; 1,041,208 non-commissioned

officers and men; 134,343 horses; and 192 guns; the second reserve had 4,000,000 officers of all grades and men; and 224,000 horses. Total active: 7,511,745 officers of all grades and men; 483,579 horses; and 4,060 guns. The peace establishment comprised 580,000 inf.; 126,408 cav.; 78,102 artil.; 23,596 engineers and train; 375,000 horses; and 2,643 guns.

Austria-Hungary. The active army 1890 comprised 22,800 officers; 786,562 non-commissioned officers and men; 148,406 horses; and 1,580 guns. The field reserve had 6,821 officers; 268,436 non-commissioned officers and men; 22,916 horses; and the first reserve 22,700 officers, and 800,000 non-commissioned officers and men. Total active: 52,324 officers; 1,854,998 non-commissioned officers and men; 171,322 horses; and 1,580 guns. The peace establishment comprised 219,832 inf.; 46,300 cav.; 24,686 artil.; 28,291 engineers and train; 68,298 horses; and 1,254 guns. The army is recruited by conscription on the universal liability system; term of service 10 years, 3 with the colors, 7 in reserve. The dragoons are recruited from Germans and Bohemians, ublans from Poles, hussars from Hungarians, inf. and artil. from Germans, Slavs, and Hungarians, and rifle regts. from the highlands of the Tyrol, the Styrian Alps, and the Carpathians.

Spain. The home active army 1890 comprised 62,864 inf.; 9,000 cav.; 10,400 artil.; 2,836 engineers and train; total, 85,100; war strength Cuba, 50,460 officers and men; Porto Rico, 9,684; Philippine Islands 11,200; total standing army 164,444; reserves 311,200; grand total 475,644. Service is compulsory for the regular army for 8 years, and in the colonies for 4 years.

Italy.-The active army 1890 comprised 17,800 officers; 871,299 non-commissioned officers and men; 12,200 noncombatants; 82,400 horses; and 1,254 guns. The field reserve had 2,916 officers; and 278,814 non-commissioned officers and men. The first reserve had 5,393 officers; 1,400,838 non-commissioned officers and men; 63,942 horses; and 1,568 guns; and the second reserve 642 officers; and 17,129 non-commissioned officers and men. Total active: 26,751 officers; 2,568,080 non-commissioned officers and men; 146,342 horses; and 2.822 guns. The peace establishment comprised 183,257 inf.; 25,430 cav.; 26,370 artil.; 16,217 engineers and train; 82,400 horses; and 1,254 guns.

The army is organized in 12 corps, with 427,000 men under arms, beside 12,000 for Alpine regts., 100.000 movable militia, and the territorial army. The present system is based on the principle of universal service.

Belgium. The active army 1890 comprised 69,300 inf.; 7,340 cav.; 16,280 artil.; and 2,486 engineers and train; and the reserves 71,291 officers and men; total active 95,406; active and reserves 166,697 Every able-bodied man who has attained his 19th year is liable to serve, but substitution is permitted. The term of service is 8 years. The inf., and sappers and miners were armed with the Mauser repeating rifle 1889.

Sweden and Norway.-Total active (1890) 32,406; reserves 258,311; total 290,717. Each country has a separate

army.

Servia.-Active army (1890) 48,000 officers and men; reserves 76,700; total 124,700.

Bulgaria.-Active army (1890) $2,000 officers and men; reserves 60,500; total 122,500.

Roumania.-Active army (1890) 28,500 officers and men; reserves 59,240; total 87,740.

E. Roumelia.-Active army (1890) 12,000 officers and men; reserves 31,900; total 43,900.

Denmark. The active army 1890 comprised 26.380 inf.; 2,200 cav.; 6,900 artil.; and 600 engineers and train; total 36,080, with reserves (38,000) 74,080. Service is obligatory on all able-bodied men who have reached the age of 22 years; terms of service 8 years with the colors, 8 in the re

serves.

China.-Each province has a regular army of enlisted troops under the immediate command of its viceroy. The recent reorganization of the army of Manchuria, as a protection against Russia, has resulted in a well-equipped and well-drilled force of 250,000-300,000 officers and men, ɔf whom 30,000 are constantly under arms. The active army 1890 exceeded 500,000 officers and men; and the reserves 1,250,000.

Japan.-Active army (1890) 38,425 officers and men; with reserves 131,475.

Greece. The active army 1890 comprised 17,000 inf.; 1,500 cav.; 4,300 artil. and engineers; total active 22,800; with reserves 80,000.

Portugal. The active home army 1890 comprised 15,680 inf.; 3,700 cav.; 3,580 artil.; 600 engineers; 440 miscel· laneous; and 92 guns; colonial army 8.500 officers and men; total home and colonial 32,500. The war establishment comprised 120,000 officers and men; and 264 guns. Compulsory service is the law, but the rules of exemption are most liberal, a sum of money paid to the govt. being accepted as an equivalent.

The Netherlands.-The active army 1890 comprised 42,700 inf.; 4,500 cav.; 13,000 artil.; 1,400 engineers; total 61,600; colonial army 38,000 officers and men; total active 99,600; Schutteryen,' 114,000 officers and men.

Switzerland.-The federal army comprised 1890 all ablebodied men 20-32 years old, 100,000, and the landwehr all able-bodied men 33-43 years old, about 80,000; total about 180,000; cav. 20,000; artil. 280 Krupp field guns and 22 mountain guns.

The United States. -For purposes of contrast, the statistics of the regular army of the United States for 1890 are appended: Legal limit of officers and men 30,000; officers of all grades 2.188; enlisted men 24,549; total 26,737; cav. (10 regts.) officers and men 7,279; artil. (5) 2,720; inf. (25) 11,448; engineers and various detachments 5,290. The

national guard (militia) of the various states aggregated 8,858 commissioned officers, and 97,752 enlisted men, of whom 86,868 were inf., 5,330 cav., and 5,554 artillery. The number of males available for milit. duty (unorganized) was 8,134,820. Service in the regular army is purely voluntary.

ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN: educator: b. Wailuka, Maui, Hawaii, 1539, Jan. 30. He graduated at Williams College 1862; entered the Union army as capt. 125th N. Y. vols. 1862; was appointed lieut.col. 9th_U. S. colored inf. 1863; promoted col. 8th U. S. colored inf.; and breveted brig.gen. vols. 1865. He founded the Hampton (Va.) Normal and Agricultural Institute for freedmen 1868, and has since been its president.

ARNOLD, Sir EDWIN: author: b. Rochester, England, 1832, June 10. He graduated at Oxford Univ. 1854; was appointed principal of the govt. Sanskrit College at Poona, India, and fellow of the Univ. of Bombay; resigned 1861 and became editorially connected with the London Daily Telegraph, with which he still (1890) remaius; received the Turkish order of the Medjidie 1876; and became a companion of the Star of India 1877. Beside editorials, criticisms, and reviews, he has published Belshazzar's Feast, prize poem (1853); Poems, Narrative and Lyrical; Griselda, a Drama; Education in India; The Euterpe of Herodotus; The Book of Good Counsels; The Poets of Greece; Hero and Leander (1874); The Indian Song of Songs (1875); The Light of Asia (1879); Indian Poetry (1881); Pearls of the Faith (1883); The Song Celestial (1885); and Lotus and Jewell (1888). He visited the United States in the autumn 1889.

ASTOR, WILLIAM WALDORF: great grandson of John Jacob A. the elder, and son of John Jacob A. 2d: b. New York, 1848, Mar. 31. He was educated by private tutors in the United States and Europe; graduated at the law school of Columbia College 1875; was elected a member of the state assembly 1877 as a republican, and the state senate 1879, serving on the committees on militia, cities, judiciary. commerce and navigation, and public expenditures; was defeated for member of congress 1880; was appointed U. S. minister to Italy, succeeding the late George P. Marsh, 1882; and held the office till 1885. He practiced his profession but a short time, and excepting his public duties has applied himself to the care of the vast landed estate of his family. In his leisure he has published two Italian romances. Valentino (New York, 1886), and Sforza: a Story of Milan (1889). By the death of his father 1890. Feb. 22, he became the head of his family and inherited an estate estimated to be worth $200,000,000.

BALFOUR, bil'fór or bål'fur, ARTHUR JAMES, LL.D.: chief sec. for Ireland: b. England, 1848: nephew of the Marquis of Salisbury. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge; was member of parliament for Hertford 1874-85; private sec. to his uncle while foreign minister and delegate to the Berlin Congress 1878-80; elected to parliament for E. Manchester 1885-6; appointed