no parallel among American butterflies. In the case of Papilio turnus, there are females of two colors--one set resembling the male in color and markings, the other, while different in color, retaining the markings; but in Diana the sexes are absolutely separated in color, and on the upper surface as widely separated in markings. On part of the lower surface there is a resemblance, but any other two species of Argynis that may be selected are nearer each other than the two sexes of Diana. Another Argynis species which presents remarkable differences of color and markings between the sexes is A. Leto, of the Yosemite district. In all the other species of the very extensive genus Argynis, the males and females resemble each other very closely. The Saturnia Cecropia is a very handsome butterfly; its wings are richly colored -orange-brown, red-brown, buff, pearl, and white--and the lines and markings form a beautiful design. The cocoon might be used for silk fibre.

CANE: genus of plants, Arundinaria. The A. macrosperma is a native of the southern portions of the United States. It usually attains a height of from 10 to 20 ft. The genus Arundinaria belongs to the same family of plants (Bambusida) as the bamboo (Bambusa), and both, with about 10 other genera, are comprised in the order Gramineæ, or grasses. In its first year the cane sends up a single erect stalk; in the second year it sends out branches from the nodes; the year following it may flower, but perhaps it does not for several years; but once having flowered, it dies down to the ground, and then a new stalk is sent up by the creeping root-stocks. Cattle are very fond of it, and by their continual browsing prevent the plant from strengthening its roots by exposure of mature leaves to the atmosphere. But in localities to which cattle have not free access, as in swamps, C. still grows in enormous quantities, and it is collected and worked into paper-stock. There is a smaller species of Arundinaria, also a native of the United States, A. tecta, ranging from 2 to 10 ft. in height, the split stems of which are used for such purposes as making baskets, chair-bottoms, etc. Another species, the A. Schomburgkii, furnishes to the native savages of Guiana the blow-guns from which they shoot their poison-arrows.

CONSPIRACY: combination of two or more persons for accomplishment of some unlawful purpose, or of a lawful purpose by unlawful means. The offense is complete at the moment when the unlawful combination is formed; and the conspirators may be prosecuted and convicted of crime even though they take no further step.

In the United States, under the federal laws, C. means a concerting of two or more persons to perform certain enumerated acts hostile to the authority of the federal govt., in contempt of its courts and its officials, in fraud of its treasury, etc.; also, to cast away any vessel with intent to defraud underwriters.

Between the several states of the Union, the laws regarding C. differ very widely. In N. C., it is C. for two or more persons to combine to intoxicate an individual for the purpose of cheating him at cards; in S. C., to combine to injure a person because of political opinions; in Ill., to agree to obtain goods under false pretenses; in Md., to combine to defraud a third person by means of an act that would not amount to an indictable cheat were it to be done by an individual. In Penn., C. is not matter for criminal prosecution unless some act be done to effectuate the purpose of the conspirators. In all the states, besides the provision made for the criminal prosecution of those guilty of C., the laws provide a civil remedy also-to wit, an action for damages on account of the injury done to the victim of the unlawful confederacy.

A very important aspect of the law of C. in recent times is its relation to the frequent-contentions between workmen and employers. In this respect, the ancient rigor of the common law and of the statutes has been much relaxed, and the tendency still is toward a thorough revision of existing codes and bodies of law, in favor more particularly of the workmen. Yet it is still the law of Mass. that a combination of workmen to raise their wages, and to enforce by overt acts a schedule of prices of labor, is a criminal C. N. Y. and Penn. were the first among the states to redress by law the grievances of the workmen. In N. Y., by the act of 1870, labor-unions are declared lawful, as is also any peaceful combination in a trade or calling to increase or maintain a scale of wages; but if workmen combine to raise their wages by conspiring to compel other workmen to conform to rules established by the conspirators for the purpose of regulating the price of labor, they are indictable for C. The Penn. act of 1872 in like manner declares trades-unions lawful; it provides that laborers, etc., as individuals or as members of a society, may lawfully refuse to work for any employer when, in their opinion, the wages are insufficient, or the treatment of such workmen by their employers is brutal or offensive, or when the continued labor of such workmen would be 'contrary to the rules, regulations, or by-laws of any club,' etc., to which the workmen may belong. See BOYCOTTING: TRADESUNIONS.

DELAND', MARGARETTA WADE (CAMPBELL): born Pittsburg, Penn., 1857, Feb. 23; daughter of Sample Campbell, merchant of that city. Her mother—a daughter of William Wade, maj. U. S. army during the war of 1812-died while Margaretta was an infant. She was educated in private schools in Pittsburg, and later at Pelham Priory, near New York. She attended art classes in Cooper Institute, and was afterward a teacher of design in the Normal Coll., New York. 1880, May 12, she married Lorin F. Deland, of Boston, who has been her critic and literary adviser. She has resided in Boston since her marriage. In 1884 she published An Old Gar

den, and Other Verses; 1888, John Ward, Preacher-he most noted work, widely circulated; 1889, Florida Days She has written also several short stories, and another novel, Sidney, published serially in the Atlantic Monthly 1890.

Or.;

EUGENE CITY, yu-jen': city, cap. of Lane co., on the Willamette river and the Oregon and California railroad; 123 m. s. of Portland. It is at the head of the Willamette valley; has excellent water-power; and the confluence near it of the Coast Fork and McKenzie rivers, which unite with the main fork to form the Willamette river, renders tributary to it a large section of country, e., s., and w. The city contains 7 churches, 3 hotels, 2 national banks (cap. $100,000), 1 private bank, public hall, good public schools, water-works, gas and electric light plants, and 3 weekly newspapers. E. C. is also the seat of the State Univ. of Or., founded 1876 (non-sect.), which had (1887-8) 9 professors and instructors, 211 students, 4 years' college course, grounds and buildings valued at $77,000, productive funds $210,000, and total income $18,000. The vicinity produces all kinds of cereals and vegetables, and the city ships wheat, wool, hops, deer, bear, grouse, geese, ducks, and trout. Pop. (1890) 3,500.

6

MANDAN, mặn đan: city, cap. of Morton co., N. Dak.; on the Missouri river, at the mouth of the Heart river, and on the Northern Pacific railroad; 5 m. w. of Bismarck; place of change from central' to 'mountain' time in the new standard system. The railroad company has a 3-pier iron bridge across the Missouri river, machine-shops (cost $150,000), and pretty brick depot ($10,000). There are 2 hotels (1 cost $60,000), 5 churches, public hall, 1 national bank (cap. $50,000), 1 private bank, co. court-house and jail ($35,000), large graded public-school building, 2 iron wagon-bridges ($5,000 each) across the Heart river, communicating with Fort Abraham Lincoln (6 m. distant) and the farming valleys of Custer (5 m.) and Little Heart (12 m.), and 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. The industries comprise brickyards, creamery, roller flour-mill, and grain elevator of 75,000 bushels capacity. A few miles w. are mines of excellent lignite coal, worked for railroad and general uses. Deer, antelopes, grouse, ducks, prairie-chickens, snipe, and plover abound in the vicinity. Pop. (1890) 3,000.

MISSOULA, miz-o'la: town, cap. of Missoula co., Mont.; on Clarke's fork of the Columbia river and on the Northern Pacific railroad; 145 m. w. of Helena. It is in a lumber, mineral, and agricultural region, with the celebrated valley of the Bitter Root river directly s., another rich but smaller valley w., and Fort Missoula, a U. S. milit. post, 4 m. s. M. has good water-power, hospital and headquarters of the Rocky Mountain division of the Northern Pacific railroad, 4 hotels, public hall, 5 churches, 2 national banks (cap. $225,000), 1 priyate bank and 2 weekly and 1 semi-monthly publications

Deer, bear, prairie-chickens, and mountain-brook trout abound. The vicinity produces wheat, oats, small vegetables, and all kinds of fruit and berries common to the climate; and the town ships grain. Pop. (1890) 6,500.

MOORHEAD, mor hěd: town, cap. of Clay co., Minn.; on the Red river, and the St. Paul Minneapolis and Manitoba and the Northern Pacific railroads; 240 m. n.w. of St. Paul; opposite Fargo, N. Dak. It is in an agricultural region, and has important manufacturing industries. The town contains 12 hotels, 8 churches, opera-house, 2 public halls, 5 public-school buildings, 1 national bank (cap. $50,000), 1 private bank, gas and electric light plants, Holly water-works system, and 1 daily and 1 weekly newspapers. It is the seat of a Prot. Episc. college (cost $25,000), Hope Acad. (Swedish, $20,000), and the State Normal School ($100,000). The industries comprise 2 flour-mills, 2 grain elevators, 5 brick-yards, planing-mill, 2 wagon factories, car-wheel works, agricultural-implement works, and several minor manufactories. M. was settled shortly before Fargo (1871), and, like that city, ships large quantities of grain from the famous valley of the Red river. Pop. (1890) 4,000.

MORRIS, mor is: city, cap. of Grundy co., Ill.; on the Illinois river, the Illinois and Michigan canal, and the Chicago Rock Island and Pacific railroad; 12 m. below the confluence of the Kankakee and Des Plaines rivers, 61 m. s.w. of Chicago. Mazon and Nettle creeks, noted for their great deposits of fossil botany and cretacea, flow through the city. M. and the surrounding country are underlaid with bituminous coal, and exhibit many specimens of the extinct conifers or cone-bearing trees. Near the site of the court-house, 19 tumuli or aboriginal burial mounds have been opened, ranging from 5 to 10 ft. in height and 100 to 300 ft. in circumference, and filled with stone implements, pipes, and ashes of calcined bones. The city contains a public high-school building (cost with grounds $50,000), 3 ward brick school buildings ($5,000 each), State Normal and Scientific School, female acad. ($25,000), 8 churches--Bapt. ($5,000), Congl. ($16,000), Meth. Episc. ($18,000), Free Methodist, Presb., Rom. Cath. ($15,000), Scandinavian Luth., and Swedish Bapt. ($3,000)-2 national banks (cap. $175,000), 5 hotels, gas ($10,000) and electric light ($10,000) plants, city water-works supplied by artesian wells ($6,000), courthouse ($40,000), jail ($25,000), fire dept. ($14,000), and 2 daily, 2 weekly, and 2 monthly publications. The city has large grain and manufacturing interests, and ships annually, by rail and canal, lumber, grain, live-stock, and manufactures, to the value of more than $2,000,000. Pop. (1890) 5,000.

PEIXOTTO, pi-shot'ō, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: 183490, Sep. 18; b. New York: lawyer and publicist. For teveral years he practiced law in Cleveland, O.; removed to San Francisco 1867. He was appointed, by Pres. Grant, U. S. con al at Bucharest, Roumania, 1870, and there

was instrumental in securing political and religious liberty for Jews and other dissidents from the official creed of the country; he held the consulate till 1875, and then returned home. He declined the post of consul-gen. at St. Petersburg, offered to him by Pres. Hayes 1877, but subsequently accepted the office of consul at Lyons, France, which he held till 1885. Thereafter, till his death, he practiced law in New York, and also edited a monthly magazine, Menorah, devoted to the interests of Judaism and Jewish literature.

BUFFALO BUG,' or CARPET BEETLE (Anthrenus scrophularia): very small beetle of the family Dermestide, about of an inch long, which in the larval stage is destructive, especially in this country, to carpets. The beetle is black, with patches of white on the wing-covers and a branched line of red along the junction of the covers; on the Pacific coast, a variety has this line white. The larva is brown, with tufts of bristles, those of the tail as long as the body when fullgrown; it resembles the much larger larva of the Dermestes that sometimes infests our larders. The Buffalo Bug is most often found along the

10 borders and in the

cracks of floors. Benzine (dangerous) and kerosene are recom

a, larva: b, skin of larva broken by mended. The beetle emergence; c, pupa; d, emerged beetle. emerges from Oct. The short straight lines give the true till spring, and may length. be noticed inside

the closed windows of an infested house. It was brought from Europe about 1872.

WEST POINT: town in King William co., Va., at the junction of the Pamunkey, Mattapony, and York rivers; at terminus of the Richmond and Danville railroad; 38 m. e. of Richmond. It is in a region which was the grana of memorable events of the civil war, ad ranked