graphical Atlas," exhibiting all the Royal Families in Europe; their origin, decendency, marriages, &c. together with the various poffeffions, foreign wars, civil commotions, famous battles, religious troubles, minorities, titles and orders, courts of law, remarkable events, &c. of each kingdom. Profeffor SCHRANCK, of Ingolftadt, has lately enriched the fcience of Botany with a work treating on that very curious and interefting branch, called phyflgy of vegetables. The author has taken a particular view of the fecondary veffels of plants, by which he understands the down, the fpiculæ, the glands, and the vefficles. His principal object is to fhew that thefe veffels may afford an additional raean of determining, with accuracy, the claffification of Linnæus, when his diftinctions are equivocal; and that fuch veffels, according to MALTIGHE, form the extremities of thofe canais, in which the fluids that fupply the plant with nourif ment circulate; and which only inhale the air, without exhaling it. Much has been done in this curious branch of botanical fcience, by the ingenious labours of HALES, INGENHOUZ, DUHAMEL, BONNET, and SENNEBIER; but the German profeffor aims at a fyftematic arrangement of this fafcinating fubject, which has not been attempted by his predeceffors. Our dramatic readers will remember the report, which was induftrioufly circulated last winter, that the Emperor of Germany had difmiffed the celebrated KOTZEBUE from his court, and the appointment he held, as Poet Laureat, and Director of the Imperial Theatre, for reafons which (it now appears) must have been fabricated by his enemies. * The following is an accurate ftatement of facts, on the truth of which our readers may fully rely :-M. von Korze BUE had, for various reafons, but moft probably of the fame nature as thofe which induced him to quit the Ruffian fervice, voluntarily applied to the emperor for his difmiffion. This requeft FRANCIS Complied with; and, befides expreffing the fulleft fatisfaction with his conduct, granted KOTZEBUE a penfion for life, of one thousand florins, or about one hundred guineas; with liberty to fpend it in whatever country he pleafed. To fill this important office, the emperor * Vide the "Monthly Magazine," vol. vi. page 118 and 119; for August, 1798. has appointed the learned M. von RETZER, and the Aulic Secretary, von ESCHRICH, who in future, in conjunction with the three oldest members of the Imperial Theatre, are to form a committee, and divide the former functions of KOTZEBUE. It is confidently reported, that this celebrated dramatift has already left Vienna, and is now on his way to England. own. As a dramatic anecdote, connected. with the preceding article, we are requefted at prefent to mention, that KOTZEBUE'S" Stranger," as performed on the Drury-lane Boards, in the Spring of 1798, has not beca fo great a firanger to French literature, as he has been to our As far back as the year 1792, a French, but very imperfect and mangled tranflation of this play was published at Warfaw, under the title, "L'Inconnu Drame en cinq acles, traduit librement, &c."--(Vid. Magazin Ency lepedique, No. xxiv. p. 567.) The further particulars of this interefting difcovery have been promiled us, by the fame corref pondent, for a future Number. Profeffor BELLERMANN, of Erfurt, has juft published the fourth volume of his claffical work, intitled, "A Manual of Sacred Literature;" containing a critical and hifterical retrofpect of whatever relates to Africa, and has a tendency to illuftrate the ancient accounts of that country, as recorded in the Bible.-In the prefent political convulfions of Egypt, it must be highly fatisfactory to the Divine, as well as to the lovers of literature in general, to learn that the learned Profeffor, who is one of the most accute German critics of the age, has, in a very ingenious manner, connected the earlieft information we poffels of that colonizing country, with the most interefting recent events; while he has furnished the reader with a complete Alphabetical Index to the four volumes of this work, which affords an excellent view of the whole Archeology and Geography contained in the Sacred Volume. The two firft numbers of a fplendid and highly-finished work have lately been publifhed at Leipzig, which claims the attention and patronage of every lover of the arts. The publishers are the refpectable book fellers Vofs and Co. and the work is written with great tafte by the celebrated fenator, Dr. STIEGLITZ, under the title, " Defigns of Ornamental Architecture, or Reprefentations of actual' and ideal Buildings, with plans and elevations, in a series of one hundred engraved plates: To which is added, a Treatife on the beauty of the Art.” Second Number (in German) confifting of thirteen plates royal folio.—All the drawings are from the pencil of Mr. Schwender, and are engraved by Citizens Gaitte, Piquet, and Ranfonnette of Paris, and Mr. Boettger of Leipzig. Eight Numbers, containing from twelve to thirteen plates each, will conclude this magnificent work: the fubfcription price for each is five rix-dollars, or about one guinea English. The fecond volume of "A. Univerfal Dictionary of Commercial Geography, by PEUCHET, is just published at Paris. The remaining two volumes are thortly to follow. Citizen AZUNI has lately published "An Historical, Geographical, Political, and Phyfical Account of the Kingdom of Sardinia." A good defcription of that country has been hitherto a defideratum; which is well fupplied by the prefent work, at a time when this as well as the other countries of Italy are become more interefting than they have been at any time fince the fall of the Roman Empire. There has juft iffued from the Parifian prefs, a tranflation of Guthrie's Geographical Grammar, by Citizens NOEL, ExAmbaffador to the Batavian Republic, and SOULE's, author of the Hiftory of the American Revolution, and tranflator of Blair's Lectures. It is publifhed in three volumes, Svo. 2100 pages, clofely and elegantly printed, with an Atlas in 4to. of 34 maps. This is not merely a tranflation, there being nearly a third part of new matter, particularly an account of the events that have occurred in the different pars of the world fince the laft edition of Guthrie, in 1796; the divifions ancient and modern, compared with the new Republics; the laft partition of Poland; the difcoveries of Peyrouse and Vancouver; a fuccinct theory of the earth and rivers from Buffon and Lametherie; a concife analysis of Bufching and Zimmermann on Europe; and of the German and English Geographers Bruns, Fabri, Brooke, Gordon, &c. &c. befides feveral later writers: a Treatife on Foreign Exchange; a Hiftory of the Banks and Commercial Companies of Europe; a Table of the Weights and Measures of different nations. compared with thofe of France old and new. There are alfo feveral maps that are not in the original work. Upon the whole, with the corrections, additions, and improvements, which this ftandard book has re ceived from the learned tranflators, it may be well confidered one of the most complete fyftems of geography that has ever appeared; and it is without exception the cheapest, the price being only 21 livres, or 24 livres with coloured maps. The French Journals ftate, that there is at Naples, a Seminary for the natives of China, to which a number of Chinese, induced by the reprefentations of miffion aries, have been in the practice of coming in order to be inftructed in the principles of the Chriftian Religion. But that those who returned to China have immediately been hanged, and thus enjoyed the fupreme felicity of martyrdom. Such is the anxiety of that extraordinary government to prevent innovation. FOURCROY'S" Elements of Chemistry,“ have been tranflated into the Swedish language, by the celebrated Dr. SPARMANN, and into the Danish by M. SCHIST. : The learned philologift, DANIEL WYTTENBACH, has been lately appointed Profeffor of Rhetoric, univerfal, literary, and philofophical history, antiquities, Greek and Latin literature, at Leyden and to great an acquifition does that univerfity confider this profeffor, that they have not only engaged to allow him an annual falary of ten thousand livres, but have alfo exempted him from all the fees, to the payment of which he otherwife would be fubject as a profeffor, and member of the faculty of philofophy. While the Alps have been a thousand times travérfed, and their beauties and natural curiofities have excited the admiration of travellers; while their mineral and vegetable productions have enriched the cabinets and herbals of philosophers and virtuofi, the Pyrenean mountains have, till of late, been unaccountably neglected: that reproach, however, no longer remains. Among the numerous works that have within thefe few years defcribed that vaft and curious chain of mountains, we have to notice Dr. FABAS, of St. Savior's, "Obfervations on the principal Mineral Waters of the high moun tains of the Pyrenees, and their medicinal virtues, particularly thofe in the mountain of Saint Savior, with feveral important cures effected by the latter." The late Leipzig fair has produced a raft number of publications, which are, as ufual, of a two-fold character; and the majority of them little better than common place. Some honourable exceptions, however, there are. Among the latter, as a work of extraordinary value, of the first confequence, and which has already made a great noife among the German literati, is a formidable attack on Profeffor KANT, by no lefs a champion than the celebrated HERDER. This writer, no leis acute than KANT himself, and far more learned, to a more fertile imagination joins all the graces of diction; in a word, a man, whain his co-temporaries already ftyle the Plato of Germany, has undertaken to shake the reputation of that Pruffian idol, and bring it down to its proper level, in a work entitled, " J. G. HERDER'S Metakritik zur Kritik der Peinen Vernunft. I. Theil, Verftandund Erfahrung. II. Theil Vernunft und Sprache. Leipzig p. f. HARTKNOCK, 8vo. 1799.' WIELAND'S " Gesprache unter vier Augen" (an ingenious fatire against the French, and their unjuftifiable conduct towards the Swiss), is now trauslating at Weimar, by Mr. MELLISH, an English gentleman, refident in that city. fame gentleman is engaged upon GoETHE'S new and celebrated poem, entitled, "Herrman und Dorethea," in blank verse. The Of WIELAND'S " Agathodamon," the fecond and laft volume has appeared. The venerable bard is faid to look upon this as his beft profaic work. It is certainly fraught with genuine wifdom, and will afford an exquifite mental repaft to thofe who relifh the manly beauties of the Grecian and Roman writers. It contains the life of Apollonius of Tyana. Towards the clofe of this work is a feries of most curious and ingenious conjectures, on the manner in which Chriftianity made its way through fo confiderable a part of the globe. At Deffau, in Upper Saxony, there has been formed for three years paft an eftablishment for publishing Prints and Engravings, denominated the "Chalcographic Society." A vaft capital is em barked in this undertaking, which has already proved an excellent refource and encouragement to the German artists of every deicription that cultivate design. On the merits of the performances, which this inftitution has produced, GOETHE has given a very candid and ingenious critique, in his "Fropylaeon," a periodical work, of which two numbers are already edited. GOETHE'S critiques poffefs this merit, that they instruct, without wounding the feelings of any individual artift. It therefore cannot fail of producing the moit folid and extenfive advantages to the progrefs of the graphic art, in Germany, which boasts the original invention of that art. Mr. GOESCHEN, of Leipzig, a gentleman of extenfive information, and great liberality, and who ranks with our BENSLEYS and BULMERS (having carried the art of printing in Germany to its highett pitch of excellence), has nearly completed the fplendid edition of the new Teftement in Greek, with ingenious frol gomena, by that eminent philologift, Dr. GRIESBACH. Our German correfpondent to whom we are indebted for thele notices, and who has feen a fpecimen of this work, fays, that no lover of facred criticilio, or amateur of fine typography, can behold it without admiration. Our readers may expect a detailed account of this fplendid edition of the new Teftament in a future number of the Monthly Magazine. D STATE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, In May, 1799: FRANCE. URING the eventful years which have elapfed fince the commencement of the French Revolution, democratical rage has enacted fome enormities at the mention of which humanity fhudders. But a maffacre has lately been committed in the vicinity of Raftadt which, for cruelty and breach of public faith, equals if not exceeds, any event of modern hiftory. The affaffination of the minifters of the French Republic at Raftadt, was announced by the French Directory to the Council of the Ancients on the 5th of May. As the narrow limits to which we are confined only allow of an outline, it is taken from the account of Jean Debry, who can fay with Æneas, "quæque ipfe miferrima vidi, Jean Debry, in his letter dated Strafburg, the 1st of May, ftates, that on the 28th of April, at half past feven in the evening, a captain of huffars of Szeltzer, ftationed at Gegenboch, came on the part of of his Colonel, to declare verbally to Baron d'Alluni, that the French deputies were to quit Raftadt; and afterwards came with an order to quit that city within twenty-four hours.-Already had the huffars of Szeltzer taken poffeffion of it, and occupied all the avenues. At eight o'clock the French minifters entered their carriages: when they arrived at the gates of Raftadt, they found an order to permit no perfon to enter or go out. An hour was spent in parleys.-But at length the Auftrian commandant gave an order for the departure of the French legation only. They demanded an efcort, but it was refufed; and the commandant declared that they fhould be as fafe as in their own rooms. In confequence of this they proceeded on their journey but were not fifty paces from Raftadt, in company with the Ligurian legation, when a detachment of nearly 60 huffars of Szeltzler, in ambuth upon the canal of La Murg, fell upon their carriages, and obliged them to ftop.-Jean Debry's was the firft, fix men, armed with drawn fabres, tore him out with violence: he was fearched and robbed of all that he had. Another, who appeared to command this expedition, arrived on horseback, and afked for the minifter, Jean Debry, who, fuppofing he came to his refcue, anfwered, "I am Jean Debry." Scarcely had he uttered the words, when with a fabre he was cut down to the ground. He was immediately affailed on all fides by fresh blows. Tumbled into a ditch, he appeared to be dead the banditti quitted him to proceed to the other carriages, and he availed himself of this inftant, and efcaped; wounded in different places, and lofing blood on all fides. Bonnier was affaulted in a fimilar manner, and killed; and Roberjot was maffacred almost in the arms of his wife, who was feven months advanced in her pregnancy. The fame question was put to his ill-fated colleagues as to him-Are you Bonnier?-Are you Roberjot? Their carriages were pillaged, and every thing becaine the prey of the brigands; the papers of the legation (which probably were the main object with the affaillants) were carried off, conveyed to the Auftrian commandant, and claimed in vain. The fecretary of legation threw himself into a ditch, and by favour of the night, efcaped the blows of the affaflin, Jean Debry, in the mean time, crawled to an adjacent wood. His Trivate fecretary, Belin, was detained by fix men to witnefs thefe fcenes of horror. His valet de chambre was thrown into : the river. Every member of the diplo matic corps made the greateft efforts to break through the line of the affaffins, and to come to the affiftance of thofe to whom affistance might yet be administered. But it was not till one in the morning that the wife of Roberjot could arrive at M. de Jacobi's, the Proffian minifter; and the wife and daughters of Jean Debry at the houfe of the minister of Bremen and Hanover. Debry wandered about during the whole of that dreadful night, fearful of the day, which might expofe him to the Auftrian patroles. About fix o'clock, however, he took the refolution of return→ ing to Raftadt, and faw on the road the naked bodies of his two colleagues. The Directory, on the 9th of May, fent another meffage to the Council of Five hundred, on the disparity of the revenue to the public expences. It concluded by obferving, that nothing could be more urgent than to raife the receipts to the current expences of the year, by filling up the deficit, which was a subject of the moft ferious alarm. Annexed to this meffage was a further report of the minister of finance, in which he juftified, by official ftatements, the financial report which he made on the 25th of April. The fame council, on the 11th of May, proceeded to the appel nominal upon the ten candidates for the Directory. The number of votes amounted to 420. The candidates, who appeared to have the greateft number of votes, were Citizens Sieyes, Gohier, General Lefebvre, Duval, &c. On the next day the prefident declared the refult of the fcrutiny. Out of the 420 votes, Lefebvre had 338 fuffrages; Sieyes 236; Duval 216; these three were therefore returned as candidates. No other perfon having had a majority of votes, a fecond fcrutiny was entered upon. The number of votes present was 400: Gohier obtained 232 votes; Charles Delacroix 203; and no one else having the majority, a third fcrutiny was ordered for the fol lowing day: when the council proceeded accordingly to nominate five other candidates for the vacant office of director. According to the accounts from the Auftrian army, dated Stokach, the 20th of April, it appears, that, as the French after having been driven ftom Schaffhau fen and Peterfharfen, ftill occupied an advantageous pofition in the small town of Eglifau, on the right bank of the Rhine, the Archduke had directed Prince Schwartzenberg to dislodge them from that poft; that, in purfuance of thefe direc tions, he approached the place, and fum moned moned the enemy to furrender; and that, upon an answer in the negative being returned, he had attacked them with fuch impetuofity that they were foon compelled to abandon their ftation, and re treat. Gortheiafs and Bagration. After these difpofitions, Field Marthal Otto fent a fecond fummons to the French commander, and a refufal having been returned, the town was bombarded at fix o'clock in the morning, and in the space of an hour and a half, feveral cannon were difmounted. This circumftance, together with the approach of the battalion of Nadafty to the gate of Pefchiera, caufed the French to give way, and to retire with precipita. tion into the citadel. The pioneers im mediately forced the gate, and by the exhortation of Field Marshal Kray, the inhabitants affembled upon the ramparts, and lowered the drawbridge. The battalion of Nadafty then entered the town. The French kept up a continual fire from the citadel, but without doing any mischief. This induced Field Marshal Kray to fummons the commander of the citadel, who at firft wished to withdraw his troops unconditionally; but, perceiving the preparation of the imperial and Ruffian troops to take the citadel by affault, they refolved to capitulate. By this capitulation, the garrifon, confifting of one thoufand men, was made prifoners of war. Forty pieces of cannon, eighteen mortars, a great quantity of ammunition and provifions of all kinds fell into the hands of the Auftrians. It appears from the account of General Melas, of the proceedings of the army of Italy, dated the 15th of April, that on the 14th, the whole Auftrian army crof fed the Mincio, and encamped near Campagnola and Monté-Olivetano pushing the advanced posts as far as Marcaria, on the Oglio, and Monté Chiæria, on the Chiefe. Upon this, the French retreated on the right, beyond the Oglio; and on the left, beyond the Chiefe. General Vickaffouich inftantly occupied Salo, by which he established his communication, with the army. On the 18th of April, the Auftrian army encamped between Capriano and Caffelo. Mantua was then left to its own means of defence; it became blockaded at a certain diftance; and the Auftrian patroles advanced to its very gates. The Auftrians took from the French at Cafel Magiore, a convoy of thirty-fix pontoons, difperfed the efcort, and made near an hundred prifoners. One of the Auftrian detachments even entered Cremona, and the French retreated to Lodi. The town and fortrefs of Brescia* were taken on the 20th of April, by the Auftrians and Ruffians in conjunction, of which the following are the particulars. The 20th, at midnight, Field Marshal Otto, by orders from Field Marshal Kray, who was charged with this enterprize, quitted his camp, with his divifion in two columns. The battalion of Nadafty, posted in Rerato, advanced upon the high road by Euphemia, as far as the entrance of the fuburbs of Brefcia. This bat talion being joined by two others, directed their attack against the gate of Torre Longo. The battalion commanded by Major General Kraus, marched on the high road of Cremona, by St. Zeno, against the gate of Alexander. This column was augmented by a corps of horfe artillery, and all the rest of the cavalry pushed forward as far as the high road to Cremona, to cover the left wing. This enterprize was fupported by five hundred coffacks, one thousand foot chaffeurs, and five hundred grenadiers, under the orders of the Ruffian general, the Princes Brefcia is the capital of Bresciano, and a Bishop's fee, fituated on the river Garza, 95 miles west of Venice. It appears that General Suwarrow, after the taking of Brefcia, proceeded to take poffeffion of Bergamo, Leno, Tuzzo, and other places on the right banks of the Adda: at Bergamo, however, the French defended themfelves with great bravery. Thefe fucceffes were following up on the part of the combined army with the greateft energy; and on the 27th of April, a general action took place near Milan between the French under General Moreau, and the allied army under General Suwayrow. In this bloody action, five thousand are faid to have fallen in the field on each fide, but the general refult is reported to have been favourable to the allies. Further particulars of this important battle are deferred till our next. AMERICA. By the laft accounts from the United States, it appears another infurrection had broken out in the western part of the ftate of Philadelphia, which bore a more ferious and formidable aspect than that of Gallatin, and the other infurgents in the mountains. Colonel Williams, who had been in Northampton County, laid before the prefident a detail of the recent tranfactions there. He stated that a very fe |