gainst the capital, which, on the twentieth of June, furrendered, by capitulation. A few days after, a coalefced army of English, Ruffian, Turkish, Portuguefe, and Italian, troops, came into port, animated by the activity, and directed by the talents of admiral Nelfon, and his worthy fecond, captain Trowbridge. To the treaty, which the cardinal had agreed to with the prince of Caraccioli and fome other leaders of the revolution, on equal terms, admiral Nelfon refufed to accede. A body of English, Ruffian, and Portuguese troops, having obtained poffeffion of the caftles of Ovo and Nuovo, on the twenty-fixth, under the command of captain Trowbridge, invested the caftle of St. Elmo on the twenty-ninth. Seven batteries, armed with cannon of the largest bore, were fucceffively erected, and on the eleventh of July, 30 pieces of ordnance were ready to play on the fort. The batteries of the place being almost all difmounted, and the works very much flattered, the garrifon demanded to capitulate, on the fame day; and the terms were agreed on and figned on the twelfth. The garrifon, after having laid down their arms, was to be embarked for France, on the condition of not ferving again till an exchange fhould take place. It was agreed, that the patriots of Naples, compofing a part of the garrifon, thould be given to the allies; and, that the booty, found in the fort, fhould at the fame time be put into their hands, to be reflored to the lawful owners.

The king of the Two Sicilies, who had hoifted his flag on board the Foudroyant, the English admiral's fhip, faw alfo his flag waving once more over his capital, and the

on the

forts which defended it. The only towns not yet reduced, under his authority, were Capua and Gaeta. Capua furrendered, by capitulation, to commodore Trowbridge, on the twenty-eighth. The French garrifon laid down their arms glacis on the twenty-ninth, and marched towards Naples, to be there embarked for France, on the ufual condition of not ferving again, till exchanged, against the allies. The furrender of Capua was, two days after, followed by that of Gaeta, which had only been blockaded, and whofe garrifon of course obtained the honours of war, and a free return to France. General Girandon, who commanded, at the fame time, the troops fhut up in both places, to the number of more than 2,400 French, figned both capitulations, and confented in both to furrender, unconditionally, the revolted Neapolitans, who had taken refuge in Gaeta and Capua, or compofed part of their garrifons. It is painful to relate that the court of Naples chofe rather to adhere to the fecond, than the first capitulation. A fpecial commiffion was appointed, which pronounced fentence of death, without much formality, on fuch as had taken an active part in the late revolutionary government. A dreadful feene of executions enfued, or rather a maf facre of the moft diftinguished among the patriots, in which even fome noble ladies were facrificed to a fpirit of vengeance, and an awakened thirft of blood. Almoft the whole of the late legiflative and executive commiffioners, perifhed by the hands of executioners. Admiral Nelfon and commodore Trowbridge did not confine their efforts to the refloration of the king of

Naples,

Naples, but extended them to that of the papal chair. While the commodore cruized on the coaft of the Roman ftate, and blocked up Civita Vecchia, a part of his fmall army marched towards Rome.

From

It has already been mentioned, that, after the victory of Trebbia, and the retreat of Moreau into the mountains, marshal Suwarrow employed himself merely in befieging the three ftrong places of Mantua, Tortona, and Alexandria. the large circumference, which the fortrefs of Alexandria rendered it neceflary to enclofe, it was not till the fourteenth of July, that the firft parallel, with the ordinary offenfive and defenfive works, was finished, and that the artillery was placed on the batteries. On the twentyfirft, general Gardanne, the commander, who had regularly defended the approaches to the body of the place, and never cealed to keep up a vigorous fire, having exhaufted his ammunition, difpatched an officer to offer a capitulation, which was figned the fame evening, and purported that the garrifon, amounting ftill, including fick and wounded, to 2,400, fhould be made prifoners of war, and fent into Germany. On the thirtieth, Mantua alfo furrendered, by capitulation. The garrifon was permitted to return to France, on the condition of their not ferving again until they fhould be exchanged. It amounted ftill to 8,700 men, of whom 6,600 only were French. We fhall here mention the fall of Tortona too, though it did not happen till fome time after other important events, and by which alfo its fall was occafioned. The fiege of Tortona, which had for fome time been interrupted, was recommenced by general Al

caini, at the end of July. General Gaft, the commandant, informed of the refult of the dreadful battle of Novi, of which we are prefently to give fome general account, made an agreement, on the 23d of Auguft, with the befiegers, to furrender himself on the eleventh of September, if he should not be relieved before that time. Attempts were made by Moreau for relieving Tortona in vain; and the garrifon, agreeably to the capitulation, furrendered to the Auftrians, and fet forward on its road to France,

1

The misfortunes experienced on all fides by the republican armies, under the old directory, had furnifhed to the jacobins, at Paris, both the pretext and the means of overthrowing it. The mixed party, which fucceeded it, having attained the fupreme power, from the defeats of their predecessors, hoped to maintain it by victories. The difaftrous battle of Trebbia, cotemporary with their elevation, thwarted their hopes, but did not deftroy them. It was attributed, by themselves, and by others, to the negligence or imprudent measures of the former directory. Relying on the popularity which commonly attends newly acquired power, they decreed, with more vigour than ever, requifitions of men, money, horfes, provisions, and military ftores. They created a new army of the Alps, and another of the Rhine. And a plan of general attack was formed, as has been feen in the last chapter, on the enemy's line in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. Moreau, being deftined to command the army of the Rhine, was fucceeded, in that of Italy, by general Joubert, to whom the directory, which had been revolutionized on the eigh[US]

teenth

teenth of June, thus reftored the fituation of which he had been deprived a few months before by their predeceffors,

The plans of general Joubert, who joined the army of Italy in the beginning of Auguft, were marially deranged by the rapid determination of the two fieges, of Alexandria and Mantua, even to the extinction, in a great measure, of his hopes. He was in want, befides, of time to reorganize his army; to difcipline the body, lately joined, of conferipts, or new men of the laft requifition; to receive fresh fuccours; and, above all, to avail himfelf of a divifion intended to have been made by the army of the Alps, formed in Dauphiny and Savoy, by general Championet.

In addition to these disappointments, 20,000 men were, by the means juft mentioned, on the point of being added to the active body of troops, under general Suwarrow. It was of great confequence to the republicans to prevent the junction of fo confiderable a force; and this reinforcement had not left Mantua before Joubert determined to act on the offenfive, and hazard a battle, in order to relieve Tortona.

The French force amounted to about 40,000 ̊ men; the combined army was more confiderable; and, befides the fuperiority of the latter in point of numbers, they were choicer troops, better difciplined, and flushed with recent victories. Joubert trufted with no fmall reliance on his former good fortune, and hoped, by the attack, to fepa

rate the two armies.

Joubert had, a few days before, advanced his left wing from Milefimo, had croffed the Bormida, and diflodged general Bellegarde

the

from Aqui, and taken a position at Orba, in the plain of Alexandria. Thefe movements had left marfhal Suwarrow no room to doubt what were Joubert's intentions: field-marhal therefore concentrated his forces, and marched, on the thirteenth of Auguft, towards the enemy, who had then penetrated to Novi.

The republican army, on the fifteenth, prepared to offer battle, being drawn up, in their encampment, upon the heights, terminating the extenfive plain of Piedmont, which form a ridge or chain of hills behind the city of Novi, and which, though not very high, yet, from their fudden rife, make the afcent of great difficulty. Notwithftanding the ftrength of this advantageous fituation, Suwarrow, by whom difficulties were not regarded as obftacles, when his plan was once formed, refolved upon engaging Joubert in this pofition, the next. morning at the hour of five, being the fixteenth of Auguft.

The republicans received the attack of the imperial troops with their ufual firmnefs and intrepidity, and drove back their centre and right wing three feveral times. The French appeared to be immoveable in their pofition, and sustained with equal valour repeated charges, in fó much that at noon they confidered the day as their own. The lofs of the combined army, particularly on the part of the Ruffians, exceeded that of the French, until their right wing began to give way. This wing of the republican army was commanded by Moreau, who had lately been appointed to the command of an army forming in Alface, but who, from a fingular attachment to Joubert, remained with him as

volunteer;

volunteer, fubmitting to act under his orders. The French, failing of fupport from this fide, could not prevent general Melas, who most opportunely, and fortunately for the fuccefs of the day, came up at the head of fixteen battalions of Auftrian infantry, from turning their flank, and purfuing his advantage. Joubert, having received a mortal wound, had by this time quitted the command, which now devolved on Moreau. The troops difcouraged, through the want of their leader, fell into diforder, about two o'clock, and the victorious army got poffeffion of the hilly ground. The republicans then began t retreat with precipitation, and were purfued by the whole line. The lofs in killed and wounded on both fides was great. On the fide of the French, eight thousand men were killed, and four thousand made prifoners. Thirty pieces of cannon, and fifty-feven tumbrils, fell into the hands of the allies, in confequence of this victory. The perialists paid dear for this victory by the lofs of feven thousand men, killed, wounded, or loft. Thefe loft, did not exceed fix hundred. The Ruffians gavè no quarter.

The object of general Joubert was to raise the siege of Tortona, and to that end he was to have made an attack, on the fixteenth; in which defign he was anticipated by the great vigilance of the fieldmarthal. The republic commander, having received a mufket ball in his right fide, did not furvive the defeat of his army more than two hours.

Thus fel! Joubert, regretted by the army, and all his countrymen, i except the jacobins, who alone refused to do juftice to his memory, on account of the independence of his fpirit, and his attachment to the conftitution.

There cannot exift a doubt but the news of this victory was received at Vienna with all the fentiments which fuch brilliant fuccefs merited; but it is obfervable, that the Court Gazette is remarkably cool in its mention of the part which the Ruffians contributed towards the glory of the day. The fignal conduct and bravery of the field-marshal, who commanded them, certainly deferved fome ftronger acknowledgements than are therein to be found, of the victory of the fixteenth of Auguft.

As foon as the republicans had recovered from the confternation, occafioned by this defeat, they took their pofitions nearly in the line they had before occupied. Suwar row purfued a plan for difpoffeffing them of their fituation, and forcing the paffages to Genoa, either by the way of the Bochetta, or by the caftern river, or, as it is fometimes called, the river of the Levant; towards effecting which general Klenau had made fome progress; the field marthal's ultimate defign be ing to furround and form the siege of Coni.

The Auftrians, by the departure of marthal Suwarrow, on the eleventh of September,* for Switzerland, left to conclude the campaign in Italy, without the aid of their Ruffian allies, maintained their

fuperiority over the French in three feveral attacks. The firft was made on the twenty-second of September, by prince Victor de Rohan, on general Thureau, who defended the vale of Domo Doflola, and was obliged to quit it, and re-afcend the mountains: the fecond, was made, on the twenty-fourth, upon general Kray, leading a detachment towards Aofta, when he repulfed and drove the enemy into the higher valley; the third happened the fame day, whence prince Lichenftein diflodged him, and took Pignerole.

Befides thefe advantages, a victory was gained, by the Auftrians, over the French, in the plains of Stura, when marthal Melas, affifted by general Kray, beat twelve thoufand French, encamped there, and obliged them to retire to Coni.

After this laft victory, the French undertook nothing to the difturbance of the upper Piedmont., Far from indicating any defign of that kind, Championet, now commander-in-chief of the two armies of Italy and the Alps, removed his head-quarters, about the end of November, back to Final; not, however, entirely leaving his former pofition on the Apennines, whereby he could protect and watch Genoa and Coni.

On the twenty-ninth and thirtieth of September, commodore Trow, bridge took poffeflion of Corneto, Tolfa, and Civita Vecchia, which he had blockaded with two fhips of war; at the fame time that general Bonricard, in the fervice of the king of Naples, entered Rome; which a few French and fome Romans, headed by the prince, Borghefe and St. Croce had defended, for fix weeks, against the Neapolitan ge

neral Rodio. By a capitulation, be tween the French general Garnier and commodore Trowbridge, the prifoners, about five thoufand, taken in different garrifons, were, by the capitulation, to be fent either to France or Corfica, as might be judged moft convenient.

On the fourth and fifth of November, the Auftrians difplayed, under general Melas, a fignal piece of good judgement and military skill, which was attended with all its merited fuccefs. By this the French army was prevented from penetrating into Piedmont, in order to raise the feige of Coni, when it fhould be undertaken, and eftablifh their winter quarters in that country; an object to them of confiderable importance. The evacuation of Mondovi, and other posts, was mistaken, by general Championnet, for a retreat; he therefore advanced as in purfuit; but, on the contrary, was met by general Melas, when an engagement took place, in which the French loft four thoufand three hundred men taken prifoners, befides a very confiderable number in killed and wounded. The French likewife failed in another attempt, which was to cut off the communication with Turin. General Kray attacked them in the neighbourhood of Alexandria, and made one thoufand prifoners. In thefe battles the Auftrians loft two thousand killed and wounded.

This fignal victory prepared the way for the fiege of Coni. General Championet affembled his whole force at Mondovi, and upon the mountains as far as Monafterlo, in which pofitions it was not poffible to befiege Coni, a fortrefs which had fuftained many attacks without falling; as, befides its difficulty of ap

proach,