league of Turin, in which the enemy had two thousand five hundred, under general Fiorella, who, refufing at firft to furrender the city, retired into the citadel; from whence he threw into the city fome balls and fhells. But having been given to understand, that if the firing was continued no capitulation would be allowed him, he readily confented to a convention, by which he engaged to fire no more on the town, as the allies did not fire on the citadel from that quarter. The four battalions, which had been left at Milan, with general Latterman, not being fufficient to undertake the fiege of the castle, marfhal Suwarrow commiffioned general count Hohenzollern to go and lay fiege to the caftle of Milan, and gave him fix battalions more for that purpose. On the night, between the twentieth and twenty-first, the count opened the trenches against the caftle of Milan, and, on the twenty-third, the commandant, being fummoned a fecond time, confented to capitulate. The principal conditions were, that the garrifon, confifting of two thoufand two hundred men, fhould retúrn to France, but fould not ferve for a year against the two emperors. It was at this time much regretted, that this garrifon, as well as that of Pefchiera and fome others, had not been made prifoners of war, inftead of returning to France, where they were made use of to maintain the directorial defpotifm, to act against the royalifts of Britanny, and to enable the French rulers to fend troops to the armies, which they would otherwife have been obliged to keep in the interior of France. But the allied generals were defirous of converting be fieging into difpofeable corps as foon as poffible. The capture of the caftle of Milan did not coft the Auftrians fifty men. The maga zines, which were found here, and at Brescia, Cremona, Peschiera, and other places were immense, and abundantly fupplied the allied armies. The fpoils of Italy, at least thofe of the foil, paft, in part from the hands of the French, into those of the imperialifts. The citadel of Ferrara alfo was taken by capitulation: on the twenty-fourth, the garrifon, confifting of one thonfand five hundred and twenty-five men, were fent to France, under the engagement not to ferve for fix months against the allies. Two days afterwards, the left wing of the Auftrians extended itself ftill farther. Four companies of Auftrian infantry, having embarked, on the twenty-fourth, at the mouth of the Po, took pof, feffion, without obfiacle, of Porto Digoro, and, on the twenty-fixth, of Porto primero, where they dilembarked, and from whence, fupported by three hundred infurgents of the country, they marched against Kavenna, into the port of which an Auftrian flotilla, had just entered at the fame time. The French and the Italian patriots fhut its gates; but one of them was foon forced, and the garrifon obliged to fly by another towards Lucca, The cap ture of Ferrara and Ravenna completed the establishment of the Auftrians on the Lower Po, gave fupport to their left, and rendered their maritime communications, and the arrival of their tranfports, more easy and more fecure. Thus the Auftrians, confined and threatened as they had been at the end of March, on the line of the Adige, had, in twa two months, carried their right to the frontiers of France, and their left to the Adriatic fea. It has already been feen that, at the opening of the campaign, the French were masters of only a part of the provinces, and of the capital of the kingdom of Naples. Since that time, general Macdonald had been prevented from extending their conquefts by the gradual diminution of his army, which, for fome months, had received no reinforcements, by the armed loyalifts, under cardinal Ruffo, and other inferior leaders; by threats of defcent from the English, Ruffians, and Turks, who cruized on the coafts of both feas; and laftly by the difaftrous news which he received from Upper Italy. He had been obliged to content himfelf with fecuring the fubmiffion of the capital, with putting the coafts in a ftate of defence, and completing the reduction of the two provinces of Abruzza and Capitana, and of the two principalities; which reduction he had not been able to effect but by burning several towns and villages, and putting to the fword fome thousands of peafants. Such was the fituation of Macdonald, when he received, from the directory, an order to evacuate the kingdom of Naples and join Moreau. According to his inftructions, he depofited all power in the hands of the patriots; leaving, for their fupport, republican corps, raifed in the country, and the garrifons of St. Eline, of Capua, and Gaeta, which could easily communicate and affift one another. Setting out, with all the reft of his troops, he traverfed, in clofe coJumns, the Romish flate, of which feveral parts were but imperfeally fubdued; left there his heavy bag gage, and with a reinforcement of all the troops in that state, excepting fome fmall garrifons which he left at Rome, Civita Vecchia, Viterbo, Pegia, Ronciglione, and Ancona, he haftened towards Tufcany, the capital of which he reached on the twenty-fourth of May. He found there the divifion of general Gauthier, and established a communication with that of general Montrichard, which was opposed to general Klenau, in the country of Bologna, and in Romagna. The union of all thefe troops, compofed of French, Italians, and Poles, formed an army of about twenty-five thoufand men. With this force,, Macdonald had to join Moreau, who was at one hundred and fifty miles diftant, and to overcome the multiplied obftacles, prefented both by the na ture of the country and the enemy. To effect an union with his colleague, he had two roads, on different fides of the Appenines: the one goes along the Riviera di Ponente and is known under the name of the Corniche: but it could not admit of the paffage of artillery or even of baggage. The fecond road was that between the Appénines and the Po, across the duchies of Modena, Parma, and Placentia. This was the road chofen by the two republican generals, who already had a free and fpeedy intercourfe with one another by the Riviera di Levante, and began to concert their plans and measures. Although Macdonald had resolved to advance between the Appenines and the Po, it was, nevertheless, neceffary that he fhould be master of the road by the Corniche, for it was by this that he was to preferve his intercourfe with Moreau, and, by roads branching off from this, that he could penetrate into the plain acrofs the mountains. Macdonald, on the twenty-fixth, affembling his troops, on the frontiers of Tulcany, proceeded on his march, diflodging the imperialifts from feveral important pofts as he advanced, particuJarly that of Pontremoli, and, on the thirtieth, had his head-quarters at Lucca. Meanwhile, Moreau advanced half way to meet his colleague; and, leaving only his left wing in the pofition of Coni, arrived with his right acrofs the maritime Alps at Savona, occupying with his centre the upper valley of the Tanaro. Pufhing on a divifion ftill farther, he occupied, with confiderable force, the defile of the Bochetta; and other paffes of the Appenines. All preparatory meafures being taken, Macdonald put his army in motion on the eighth of June, marching himself with the centre toward Modena, and the other divifions taking the road to Fornovio and Rheggio, with a part of his army, to reinforce marthal Suwarrow, wherever he fhould be required to do fo. This occafion was now come, and, confequently, as has been mentioned in the preceeding chapter, general Bellegarde, quitting that country, at the end of May, with about fourteen thousand men, arrived at Milan on the fourth of June. He was then fent to, by Pavia, to conduct the blockade of Alexandria. This reinforcement, with fome free corps, from the hereditary ftates, enabled the fieldmarihal to unite about forty thoufand fighting men to oppose the two French generals. Macdonald, after two actions with the impe rialifts, on the tenth and the twelfth, in one of which he himself was pretty feverely wounded, advanced, on the thirteenth, towards Rheggio, entered Parma on the fourteenth, from which the duke and all his family fled on his approach, and on the fifteenth arrived at Placentia. Marshal Suwarrow, leaving Wuckaflowich, with a corps of obfervation, in the province of Mondovi, and As long as marshal Suwarrow had general Kaim with the brigade of no enemy but Moreau, he could, with Lufignan, to cover, on the fide of the forces he had, continue the war, France, the fiege of Turin, fet out and even act offensively against the from the city, on the tenth, with army of the enemy. But he had the principal part of his army, foreseen that, when Macdonald amounting to from twenty-five to fhould come to throw his weight thirty thoufand, and placed his headinto the fcales, his fituation would quarters, the fame day, at Afti, be much altered. He had, there from which they were transferred, fore, beforehand, aiked for rein on the twelfth, to Acqui. On the forcements, both at Petersburgh and fifteenth, he fet out with a little Vienna: The first of these courts, more than twenty thousand men, detached to his affiftance eleven of whom two-thirds were Ruffians. thousand men, of the forty-five A dreadful battle enfued, which was thoufand, which it had deftined to interrupted only by the night, on act in Switzerland. The fecond, the feventeenth, eighteenth, and attributing lefs importance to the nineteenth, on both fides of the conqueft of Switzerland than of Trebbia. Macdonald, though Italy, ordered general Bellegarde, wounded, followed and directed VOL. XLI. [0] his his army, which, being thirty thoufand ftrong, was equal, in numbers, -to that of the allies. This battle, or course of battles, terminated to the advantage of marthal Suwarrow. General Macdonald, after lofing more than a third of his army, returned to the fame fpots to which he had fet out. The lofs of the allies, in killed and wounded, was little less than that of the enemy. Marthal Suwarrow haftened back, marching his army towards Alexandria, to go to meet Moreau, who had paffed the Appenines, raifed the blockade of Tortona, and forced general Bellegarde to retreat behind the Bormida. Moreau, on the approach of the Ruffian commander, retired to Genoa. An event, highly advantageous to the allies, which happened at the fame time with the victories of the Trebbia, completed their triumph, and juftified the hazardous and fingular plan for the campaign, adopted by the chief commander. The neceffary preparations retarded the opening of the trenches, before Turin, till the twelfth, when they were boldly opened at three hundred paces diftant from the covered way. The principal batteries were difmounted; the barracks, magazines, and a great number of buildings, including general Fiorella's own houfe, were fet on fire: water had penetrated into the cafemates, which had been neglected: and anti-republican difpofitions were manifefted by a part of the garrifon, which was compofed wholly of Swifs and Piedmontele. All these circumftances determined the commandant to capitulate. The capitulation was figned, on the twentieth, at eleven o'clock at night, and the imperialifts were put in poffeffion of the gates. Con formably to the capitulation, the garrifon, two thousand seven hundred men, was conducted, on the twenty-fecond, to the frontiers of France, after laying down its arms on the glacis, and giving its parole not to ferve, till exchanged, againft the emperor ofGermany and hisallies. ta About the end of June, the junction of general Bellegarde's corps, the co-operation of general Haddick, in the valley of Aouft and the Novarefe, and the arrival of a fresh body of eleven thousand Ruffians on the Brenta, put marfhal Suwarrow in a state to oppose ninety thoufand men to the fixty thousand of the French, who were, exclufive of the garrifons of Mantua, Tortona, and Alexandria, garrifons which amounted fcarcely to fifteen thoufand men. The advantage, which marfhal Suwarrow fought now. derive from his fuccefies, was reduced to two principal objects, that of reconquering Tufcany, and taking the three ftrong places just mentioned. It had been with extreme reluctance that the fubjects of the grand duke of Tufcany, attached to their fovereign, and his mild and equitable administration, fubmitted to the French, yoke. As foon as Macdonald had removed himself from the Appenines, many thoufands of the inhabitants of the province of Arezzo, encouraged and directed by Mr. Windham, the envoy from England, took up arms in favour of their fovereign, and foon amounted to twenty-five thoufand men. At the fame time, a Cifal pine general, Lahooze, commanding, for France, a corps of Italians, in the march of Ancona, together with his troops, deferted the caufe of the republic, and embraced that of the allies. Uniting with his own different tion. The republican garrifon withdrew into the forts, which it quitted the next morning, in order to retreat towards Leghorn. This place it also evacuated on capitulation. After the evacuation of Florence, the infurgents of Arezzo, fupported by the imperalifts, and joined on the road by almost all the inhabitants of the country, marched towards the coaft, approached in large bodies the places which the French ftill occupied, and prepared to drive them thence by main force. This was unneceflary; for Macdo was by this time rendered fafe, and 'in a good meafure already effected, gave orders, on the seventeenth, for the evacuation, not only of Leghorn, on conditions, but the whole of Tuscany. different bands of infurgents, he reduced, under the power of the allies, the province which he had, till then, defended against them, and proceeded to inveft the capital on the fide towards the fea, blockaded, as already mentioned, by a fleet, Turkifh and Ruffian. In thefe circumftances, Macdonald loft no time in contriving his retreat from Tulcany. The troops could retreat by the Reviera di Levante; but, there was no other means of faving the artillery, the baggage, and the numerous chefts filled with the fpoil of Italy, than to fend them by fea; anald, whofe retreat, by the Corniche, refource which the continual cruizing of fome English men of war, on the coafts of Tulcany, rendered extremely hazardous. But, as it was the only refource which remained, Macdonald fent all the artillery, baggage, and republican property, which he could collect, to be tranfported to Leghorn. Only a fmall part of this could be embarked on board an American vel fel, in which many officers of the staff, took their pallage, as well as the civil agents of the republic. The veffel fet fail on the ninth, and fell, almost in going out of port, into the hands of the English. On the fame day, the allies made a more important acquifition, which was that of Urbino, the garrifon of which, after fuftaining a fire of fome hours, capitulated, and obtained permiffion to return into France, on condition of not ferving, for fix months, against the allies. The preparations of the French for retreat, in all parts of Tufcany, encouraged more and more the infurrection of the inhabitants. Thofe of Florence broke out on the fifth of July, cut down the trees of liberty, and deftroyed all the other marks of their fubjec While the allies were employed in the deliverance of Tuscany, and thereby precluding the French troops, which fill poffeffed, in the territory of the church of Rome, Civita Vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, and Fano, from all poffibility of retreat, Macdonald, towards the end of July, accomplished that of his own army, reduced now to about 13 or 14,000 men; and, in the environs of Genoa, joined Moreau, in which it was loft. By their re-union, general Moreau had a difpofable force of 40 or 50,000 men, who were fpread from the eaftern extremity of the state of Genoa, as far as Coni, and occupied, in that line, all the defiles of the Appenines. After the evacuation of Naples, by Macdonald, cardinal Ruffo, at the head of the royalift army, confifting of more than 20,000 men, and fome hundreds of Ruffians, having defeated the republican levies of men, which were oppofed to him, marched a[U 2] gainft |