tor Markham, afterwards archbishop of York, assisted by doctor Jackson, and to doctor Hurd, bishop of Lichfield. Prince Frederic was destined for the military profession, and, in 1780, having been appointed a brevet-colonel in the British service, he set off for the continent, and, after visiting Hanover, proceeded to Berlin, to study the tactics of his profession in the school of the great Frederic. During his absence, he was appointed colonel of the Coldstream guards, with the rank of lieutenant-general, and, in 1784, was created duke of York and Albany in Great Britain, and earl of Ulster in Ireland. In 1787, he took his seat in the house of peers, and in the debates on the regency, at the close of the following year, made his first speech in parliament. In 1789, a duel took place between the duke and colonel Lenox, afterwards duke of Richmond, who had required from his royal highness an explanation or retractation of an observation made by the latter. The duke not complying with the requisition, but expressing his willingness to waive the privileges of his rank, a meeting took place on Wimbledon common. The word being given to fire, colonel Lenox obeyed, and his ball grazed the hair of the duke, who fired his pistol in the air; and the affair terminated without any personal injury to the combatants. In 1791, the duke of York married the eldest daughter of Frederic William, king of Prussia. This union was the result of political arrangements; and, after a few years, a separation took place, arising from circumstances which did not imply any impropriety of conduct on the part of the duchess, whose death occurred in 1820. On his marriage, the duke of York received an augmentation of his income, which raised it to £35,000 a year, exclusive of the revenue of the bishopric of Osnabrück. In 1793, his royal highness was sent to Flanders at the head of a British army, to oppose the French. Valenciennes surrendered to the troops under his command, July 26; and, on the 22d of August, he sat down before Dunkirk, but was speedily obliged, by the French, to retire. In the campaign of 1794, Pichegru having taken the command of the French army, that of the duke, with his German allies, after experiencing various reverses, retreated into Westphalia; and in April, 1795, the remnant of the British army returned to England. In February of the same year, the duke of York was appointed commander-in-chief. In 1799, he was again employed against

the French in Holland; but the expedi tion terminated with a truce, one condition of which was the liberation of 8000 French and Dutch prisoners of war in England. This expedition terminated the services of the duke of York in the field, in the course of which he proved himself wholly unequal to his station. In 1809, colonel Wardle, in the house of commons, charged the duke with having suffered a female favorite, named Mary Anne Clarke, to influence him in the disposal of commissions in the army. The evidence brought forward showed that promotion had been extended to persons recommended by this woman, who made a traffic of such transactions; but as nothing occurred to implicate the duke of York directly in the corrupt transactions between Mrs. Clarke and the persons to whom she sold her services, he was acquitted by a majority of eightytwo, who voted against the proposed general inquiry into his official conduct as commander-in-chief. His royal highness, however, thought proper to resign his post, in which, about two years after, he was reinstated by the prince-regent, with little or no objection on the part of the public. This circumstance produced in the duke a redoubled attention to his duties. From that time he exercised the most rigid impartiality in the distribution of promotion, and the humblest petition was sure of attention; the rights and comforts of the soldier were studiously attended to ; and, without relaxing necessary discipline, some of its more odious and dispensable rigors were discountenanced. Upon the whole, both in a moral and a social, as well as in a military sense, the British army owes much to the exertions of this prince, whose rank and influence enabled him to effect improvements which equally good intentions, without such advantages, might have failed to secure. Among the future circumstances of his public life was his appointment to the post of keeper of the person of his father, in 1818, to which post was annexed a salary of £10,000 per annum. The last speech of the duke of York, in partiament, was against Catholic emancipation. and amounted to this, that he would nev er consent to that measure, should he be called on to reign. Not long after this event, he was attacked with a dropsy in the chest, which, after long and protracted suffering, ultimately proved fatal on the 5th of January, 1827.

YORK (Henry Stuart), CARDINAL OF (See Stuart, Henry.)

YORK, DUKE OF. (See James II.) YORK; Count von Wartenburg, Prussian field-marshal, one of the most distinguished German generals in the wars against Napoleon. (See Russian-German War.) He fought in America on the side of the British during the war of the revolution, and here became acquainted with the operations of light troops, which he afterwards introduced, with improvements, into the Prussian army. He was made a colonel in 1806, and distinguished himself by skilful manœuvres during the disastrous state of the Prussian army after the battle of Jena. In 1808, when the Prussian army was reorganized, he was made major-general and inspector of all the light troops. In 1812, he was one of the officers of the Prussian auxiliary corps of 20,000 men, under general Grawert, which, with the Polish, Bavarian and Westphalian troops, formed the tenth corps under the command of Macdonald, and was destined to cover the left wing of the French army, and to operate against Riga. When general Grawert laid down the command, on account of his ill health, general York became commander of the Prussian corps. When Napoleon ordered the retreat of the tenth corps to the Memel, York commanded the third coluinn, which left Mitau Dec. 20, followed by the Russians, under generals Witgenstein and Paulucci, who entered Memel, while their van extended along the Memel. Thus the situation of general York was critical; but it was less for this reason than on account of the political situation of Europe, that he concluded the well-known convention of Dec. 30, 1812, according to which the Prussian corps separated from the French army, and assumed a neutral position. See Seydlitz's Journal of the Prussian Forces in the Campaign of 1812 (Berlin, 1823, in German).—The king of Prussia was obliged to express disapprobation of this step; but the attitude which was FOOD assumed by the whole kingdom showed that it was in reality agreeable to the government. The step was bold, and entirely on the general's responsibility, and became a measure of great consequence. After his corps, which was much diminished in number, had been reenforced in Prussia, general York led it to the Elbe, and obtained a victory at Danigkow, April 5, 1813, over the army of the viceroy of Italy. General York was engaged in the battles of Lützen (q. v.) and Bautzen (q. v.), and distinguished himself on the day before the

latter action, at Weissig, by an obstinate resistance to the forces under Sebastiani, five times more numerous than his own. After the armistice concluded in that memorable year, his troops formed the first corps of the Prussian army, and, being united with the Silesian ariny under Blücher, shared in the victory on the Katzbach (q. v.), Aug. 26. Oct. 3, he gained a victory over Bertrand, near Wartenburg (q. v.), in consequence of which the Silesian corps was enabled to cross over to the left bank of the Elbe. From this achievement he received the title count York von Wartenburg. In the battle of Leipsic, he defeated Marmont at Möckern (q. v.), Oct. 16. He fought at Montmirail, Feb. 11, 1814. General Sacken had too hastily risked an engagement with Napoleon, which was likely to result in his destruction, when general York appeared, and enabled Sacken to escape, though with great loss. In the battle of Laon, March 9, he did great service, volunteering, with general Kleist, to conduct a nocturnal attack, which destroyed the corps of Marmont and Arrighi, and gave a decisive turn to the battle. After the peace, he received a considerable grant, and was made commanding general in Silesia and the grand-duchy of Posen. His son was wounded several times in the cavalry action near Versailles, July 1, 1815, and died a few days aftera circumstance which affected general York so much as to induce him to retire from service. May 5, 1821, he was made field-marshal-general. He died Oct. 4,

1830.

YORKE, Philip, first earl of Hardwicke, and lord high chancellor of England, was born in 1690, at Dover, in the county of Kent, where his father practised as an attorney, and brought up his son to the higher branch of his own profession. He was placed in the Middle Temple, and, being called to the bar in 1714, soon rose to great eminence as a counsel. In six years' time, the interest of lord chancellor Parker procured him the office of solicitor-general, in which capacity he displayed great professional knowledge and eloquence, as well as unbending integrity. Four years after, he was made attorneygeneral, and, on the resignation of lord King, in 1733, was made lord chief justice of the king's bench, with the barony of Hardwicke. On the decease of lord chancellor Talbot, in 1737, lord Hardwicke was elevated to the woolsack, and, during the long course of twenty years in which he presided in the equity courts,

acquitted himself with so much ability, judgment and integrity, that only three of his decisions were ever called in question; and even all of these were, on appeal, confirmed by the upper house. In 1754, a patent was issued from the crown, advancing him to the rank of an earl; two years after which he resigned the seals, and retired from public life. Lord Hardwicke died in 1764. He was the author of a paper in the Spectator. His early professional work is an equity treatise, entitled the Legal Judicature in Chancery stated.

YORKINOS. (See Guerrero.)

YORKTOWN; a post-town, port of entry, and capital of York county, Virginia, on the south side of York river, twenty-nine miles north-west of Norfolk. York river affords, at this town, the best harbor in Virginia; but it has not become a place of large population or extensive trade, Yorktown is famous for the capture of lord Cornwallis and his army by the Americans under general Washington, Oct. 19, 1781. The whole number of the prisoners amounted to 7107. This was the last considerable battle in the revolutionary war, and was the immediate cause of the conclusion of the American contest for independence.

YOUNG, Edward, a distinguished English poet of the last century, was born at his father's living of Upham, in Hampshire, in 1681, or, according to some, two years earlier. He was educated at Winchester school, and obtained a New college fellowship, which he resigned in 1708, for another at All-Souls, in the same university. Although originally designed for the law, which induced him to graduate in that faculty, the predominant bias of his mind towards a religious life at length induced him to take orders. His poems on the Last Day, and the Force of Religion, printed in 1713, strongly manifest this prevailing feeling. At one time he aspired to the representation of the borough of Cirencester in parliament; but, failing in this undertaking, he soon after entered the church, and obtained the living of Welwyn, Hertfordshire, with a king's chaplaincy. In 1741, the death of his wife, to whom he was much attached, appears to have much increased the melancholy of a mind originally of a sombre complexion; and to this event may be ascribed the production of his principal poem, the Complaint, or Night Thoughts, by which latter title it is more generally designated. Besides this poem, doctor Young was the author

Or

of three tragedies, Busiris, the Brothers and the Revenge. Some satires, under the title of Love of Fame, the Universal Passion, with a poem entitled Resignation. written in 1759, conclude his poetical labors. As a prose writer, he is chiefly known by his Centaur not Fabulous, levelled against the prevailing manners et the time; and a treatise entitled Conjectures on original Composition, written a: the age of eighty. Doctor Young, in his retirement at Welwyn, maintained the situation of a man of easy fortune. His latter years were, however, subject to much discontent: he had taken deep offence at the youthful irregularities of his son, an he fell under the sway of a housekeeper. by whom he was entirely governed. his death-bed, he declined an interview with the former, but sent him his forgiveness, and made him his heir. His death took place in April, 1765, in his eightyfourth year. The fame of doctor Young rests altogether on his poetry, comprising his satires, tragedies and Night Thoughts The first are built on the supposition of fame being the universal passion of mankind. They abound more in flashes of wit and in caricature than in grave exposures of vice and folly; but they are lively and epigrammatic. As a dramatic writer, with much poetic conception and strong feeling, he is exaggerated and bombastic. The Revenge, however, keeps the stage; and its hero, Zanga, stands preeminent for theatric interest among the personages of modern tragedy. The Night Thoughts, on which the fame of Young for originality is exclusively founded, although occasionally tumid and extravagant, exhibit great force of language, and occasional sublimity of imagination. They are even more popular in Franer and Germany than at home, and have passed through a great number of editions. An edition of his entire works, it four volumes, octavo, was published by himself. (See his Life, by Herbert Croft, in Johnson's Lives of the Poets.)

YOUNG, Arthur, a distinguished agricultural writer, born in 1741, died in 1820, was first placed in the countingroom of a wine merchant at Lynn; but his passion for agricultural pursuits induced him to forsake the mercantile lite. and occupy himself with farming. After several unsuccessful attempts to conduct a farm, he determined to examine the mode of cultivation pursued in different parts of England. In 1770, he published the Farmer's Calendar, containing the Business necessary to be performed on

the various Kinds of Farms during every Month in the Year (8th ed., 4 vols., 8vo., 1812), and, in 1784, began the publication of his Annals of Agriculture (40th vol., in 1804)—a work which had the most important influence upon the art of agriculture in England, and of which a considerable portion was translated into French, under the auspices of the government. In 1789, he was appointed secretary of the newly-erected board of agriculture. Young not only visited and examined, with great attention, the different counties of England and Ireland, but also made several tours on the continent, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the agricultural processes in different countries. Among his numerous correspondents were his sovereign, George III, who wrote to him under the name of Ralph Robinson of Windsor, and Washington. Of his numerous works, we can mention only the principal:Farmer's Letters to the People of England (1767), second volume under the title of Letters to the Landlords of Great Britain (1771); a Six Weeks' Tour through the southern Counties (1768, 2d ed., enlarged, 1769); a Six Months' Tour through the North of England (1770, 4 vols.); the Farmer's Tour through the East of England (4 vols., 1770); Tour in Ireland (2 vols., 1780); Travels in France, Spain and Italy, 1787-9 (1791, 2 vols., 4to.); Travels during the Years 1787 1790 (1792); Rural Economy (1772); and Farmer's Guide (1779, 2 vols., 8vo.).

YOUNG, Thomas, M. D., a distinguished scholar, born in June, 1773, was educated partly at Göttingen and partly at Edinburgh. Having taken his degrees at the latter place, he went to London, and was some time lecturer at the royal institution, He was subsequently appointed physician to St. George's hospital, and, in 1794, was elected a fellow of the royal society. Doctor Young was equally eminent in science and in letters. He was particularly distinguished for his great knowledge of the practical application of science to the useful arts and the business of life; and his opinion was often called for by government, when these and kindred subjects were made matters of legislation. In this department, besides a great number of papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society, and Nicholson's Journal, and a variety of articles in the Quarterly Review, and the supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica, some of which were, however, on literary subjects, doctor Young left behind him

a Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on Natural and Experimental Philosophy (8vo., 1802), which contains the first publication of the general law of the interference of light; a Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (2 vols., 4to., 1807); Elementary Illustration of the Celestial Mechanics of Laplace (8vo., 1821), &c. He likewise edited the Nautical Almanac from the year 1819 to 1829. His productions in the department of archæology and criticism were also numerous, and are principally to be found in the Imperial Review, the London Quarterly Review, and the Archæologia. In the eighteenth volume of the latter work appeared his remarks on Egyptian papyri, and the Rosetta inscription, containing an attempt to interpret the Egyptian part of the inscription. In the article Egypt, for the supplement to the Encyclopædia, he treated the whole subject of Egyptian mythology, early history and hieroglyphics with great learning; but we have already given our reasons, in the article Hieroglyphics, for denying him the honor, claimed for him by his countrymen, of having discovered and explained the phonetic system, which the late ingenious and learned Champollion so ably developed. discoveries of Champollion were followed by two additional works of doctor Young on the .bject, under the titles, an Account of some recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphical Literature and Egyptian Antiquities (8vo., 1823), and Hieroglyphics collected by the Egyptian Society (folio, 1823). Doctor Young died in 1829.

The

YPRES, or YPERN; a city of Belgium, in West Flanders, capital of a district, on the river Y-perlee, from whence it takes its name; twenty miles south of Ostend, sixteen north-west of Lisle; lon. 2° 53′ E.; lat. 50° 51′ N.; population, 15,291. It is connected by a canal with Bruges, Ostend and Nieuport, is fortified, and tolerably well built. The principal public buildings are a very large Gothic town-house, an elegant cathedral, an exchange, a chamber of commerce, and a college. The chief manufactures at present are linen, lace, cotton, thread and silk. It is said to have contained, in the thirteenth century, 200,000 inhabitants, who carried on a great trade in woollen cloth; but, by the severity of the duke of Alva, the principal manufacturers were driven to England, from which time that branch of trade declined. Ypres has sustained several remarkable sieges.

YPSILANTI; an old Greek Fanariot fami

ly at Constantinople, descended fromr the Comneni, members of which have several times held the dignity of hospodar in Moldavia and Walachia. The grandfather of the princes Alexander and Demetrius, celebrated for their share in the Greek revolution, was executed at the command of the Porte, with the most horrible tortures. Their great-grandfather and uncle were victims of the bow-string. The father, Constantine Ypsilanti, hospodar of Walachia, was deposed by the Porte in 1805, but was reinstated at the request of Russia. When Russia threatened the Porte with war in 1806, he learned that his head was in danger, and fled to Jassy. The Russian government assigned him and his family Kiev as a residence. When the Russians advanced into Walachia, he hoped to recover this principality by their aid. With this view, he repaired thither, and armed the Walachians against the Turks; but, instead of the 40,000 men whom the Russian general required of him, he could collect only 5000. The body of Russian auxiliaries was therefore too weak; and Ypsilanti had to escape, by way of Transylvania, to Russia, where he died at Kiev, in 1816. He wrote several works. His sons entered the Russian service. The eldest, Alexander, imperial Russian major-general, and aid-de-camp of the emperor, born at Constantinople, Dec. 12, 1792, went with his father, in 1805, to Petersburg, and entered the Russian service. He fought with distinction at Polotzk, in 1812, and was a captain of hussars, when a ball, at the battle of Dresden, Aug. 27, 1813, carried away his right hand. In 1814, he spent some time in Weimar. About this time, the emperor made him a colonel and his aid-de-camp. In 1817, he received the command of a brigade of hussars, and was appointed major-general. In 1820, he became acquainted with the Hetaireia. (q. v.) He joined this association, and eventually became its head. When he saw that the breaking out of the insurrection could no longer be delayed, one of his couriers having been arrested in Servia, so that he had reason to fear the discovery of the whole plan, he resolved to plant in Moldavia the standard of revolt. He crossed the Pruth with a few attendants, and, on Feb. 23, old style (March 7), 1821, at Jassy, the capital of Moldavia, under the very eyes of the hospodar Michael Suzzo (q. v.), issued a proclamation, in which he announced that on this day Greece had kindled the torch of freedom. and thrown off the yoke of tyran

ny. (See Greece, Insurrection of.) This step of Ypsilanti's was connected with the plan of a general insurrection, which was to break out simultaneously in the Morea, on the islands, and in Constantinople. Ypsilanti hoped to promote the main project by his entrance into Moidavia. The insurrection was also hastened by the enterprise of Theodore Wladimiresko. This rude but daring Walachiar after the death of the hospodar of Walachia, Alex. Suzzo, Jan. 30, 1821, had, with a band of Arnaouts, called the Walachian peasants and pandoors to arms, in order to obtain from the Porte, by means of the assistance of Russia, which he promised them, the restoration of the ancient rights of the country. Ypsilanti, who, however, was in no way connected with Wladimiresko, gave his companions and all the Hetairists, who hastened to him from Russia and Germany, the assurance that Russia would assist the cause of Greece. But the military insurrections in Italy, on account of which the congress of Laybach was convened, induced the emperor Alexander to express publicly his disapprobation of the undertaking of the Hetairists, and to summon their leader, the prince Alex. Ypsilanti, to make his defence. As he did not obey. the emperor caused his name to be struck from the rolls of the Russian army. The Russian consul at Jassy had already, April 9, issued two proclamations, in the name of his sovereign, commanding prince Ypsilanti and his adherents to return immediately to Russia, and exhorting the Moldavians to tranquillity and obedience to the Porte. Mich. Suzzo was, in consequence, obliged to leave Moldavia April 11; and the boyards sent deputies to the Porte, praying that another hospodar might be given them, adding the assurance, that they would themselves suppress the rebellion. Ypsilanti, when he learned this, was on his march to Bucharest. He and his band, of about 560G men, persisted firmly in their enterprise. April 10, he entered Bucharest, which city Wladimiresko, who would not join Ypsilanti, had left, with his pandoors. shortly before. April 12, Ypsilanti marched to Tergowist, where he wasted his time while Wladimiresko was negotiating with the Porte. The boyards themselves had refused all participation in Ypsilanti's attempt; and many of them had fled, with their wives, children and property, to Transylvania. Wladimiresko's insurrection was directed more against the boyards than against the Porte. At the