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called Parti-hing. Instead of doing this, they sometimes make use of red paper on which they describe an elliptical figure, within which they represent a crosS with swords, spears, and other instruments; this they call the holy cross,' and place it over their doors or in a shrine."

So far we have only seen John Chinaman's view of the ceremonial parts of Christianity. Now we come to his conceptions of its doctrine:"Those who commit sin must go to hell and wail and repent in the presence of Jesus, and pray to the mother of Jesus that she may present their prayer to God (T'ienChu), who will thus forgive their sin, and permit their souls to ascend to heaven. All Buddhas, however, are devils, to be confined in hell for ever, without release." If you ask who Jesus is, the reply is, "he is God" (T'ien-Chu). If you ask who God (T'ien-Chu) is, the reply is, "he is the ruler of heaven and earth and all things." If you ask why he descended and was born a

peror Tuen Sheo, and still others say in the fourteenth year of the same Emperor. The accounts are of various kinds, and disagree among themselves. "In the first year of the Emperor Kung Cheng, the T'ienChu sect made great progress at the capital. There was a literary graduate, called Chang Keo-i, who was in straits for a livelihood. He and his family joined the sect of T'ienChu, and making liberal gains were soon in comfortable circumstances. A beggar was in the habit of knocking at the door in his rags, begging something to eat. The man Chang, upon giving him some food, exhorted him to go and enter the T'ien-Chu sect, and escape from his poverty. The beggar replied, 'Though I should starve to death, I would not throw away my humanity, and become a mere beast.' Chang said to him 'Why do you use such violent language?' The beggar replied, 'I do not speak violently; if you will listen I will tell you.' Chang said to him, 'Say on.' The beggar said

man, the reply is, that "God (T'ien-‘The T'ien-Chu sect are the sect of

Chu) had compassion on Adam, and on his descendants, to whom the calamity of his sin was transmitted through all time, and so he engaged to come to the world within five thousand years, and redeem them." How can these things be? cries the celestial critic. "How is it possible for the Son of God (Shangti) to take the form of a man and be born? Before Jesus was born, in whose hands was the government of the universe? When his body had ascended to heaven how could he have a grave for men to worship?" Further he finds that Christians are not agreed as to their own sacred history, for some say that Jesus died without any descendants, others, that he had a son born after his death, called Prince Jesus. Some say that Jesus was born in the first year of the Emperor Tuen Sze, of the Han dynasty; others say he was born in the second year of the Em

Jesus. This Jesus broke the laws of his country, and was put to death on the cross; and thus they discard the relation of king and subject. The mother of Jesus, called Mary, had a husband called Joseph, yet it is reputed that Jesus was not the son of his father; and thus they discard the relation of husband and wife. Those who follow him are not allowed to worship their ancestors or their tablets, and so they discard the relation of father and son. When a man discards the relations of king and subject, husband and wife, and father and son, if he is not a beast what is he?' Chang was enraged, and drove him out, and the beggar carelessly went his way. In a few years Chang's money was squandered, and he died of a grievous disease."

Another anecdote refers to a popular belief seemingly deeply rooted in the Chinese mind that certain indignities are perpetrated upon their dead by the Christian priests :-" In the reign of the Emperor Wan - Lie, a foreigner named Parta-li came into Chekiang, and began to persuade men to join the T'ien-Chu sect; and great numbers were ensnared by him. There was a certain military undergraduate called Wang Wen-mu, an athlete, who, hearing when any one who had joined this sect died, they secretly took out his eyes, had a desire to test the matter, and so by false pretences entered the sect. For some days he ate nothing, and word was sent to the priest, who came, and sure enough he had a little knife in his hand, and coming forward, was about to cut out Wang's eyes, when he, springing up suddenly, beat him and drove him out of his house, and cut off his head and destroyed his image of Jesus. When this affair came to be known in the capital, the Emperor rewarded him liberally."

What earthly or heavenly use could a dead man's eyes be applied to? Why should the priests desire them?

The reason is this. "From one hundred pounds of Chinese lead

can be extracted eight pounds of silver, and the remaining ninety-two pounds of lead can be sold at the original cost. But the only way to obtain this silver is by compounding the lead with the eyes of Chinamen. The eyes of foreigners are of no use for this purpose."

The charges of licentiousness, which our author very freely urges against the Christians, are put forth in a style which forbids us to allude further to them. One would think that a work so full of falsehood and absurdity would be its own refutation. Yet there seems to be no reason to doubt that the work is readily received by the Chinese as a faithful portrait of Christianity and its professors. To attempt to criticise such a production would be a sheer waste of time, since in a literary country like China, national and religious prejudices (things not unknown amongst Western peoples) have succeeded in producing such a hideous caricature, we may well ask whether our own pictures of foreign lands and strange religions are ta be relied upon.

W. E.A. A.

DR. JOHN MOORE, THE AUTHOR OF “ZELUCO."

ARE there any novel-readers, in this age of novel-writers, who read "Zeluco?" We suppose there may be here and there somebody venturesome enough to explore the upper shelves of the circulating library, where the three volumes repose with their dead contemporaries, and, struck by the sounding romantic title, or moved by the literary traditions of the past, wipe the dust from the book, and perchance make acquaintance with the gentle patience of Laura, and the malignity of her corrupt and contemptible lord. If the reader brings to the perusal knowledge of the world and thoughtful consideration of its virtues and vices, he will, spite of the unpleasant company of despicable, ruthless crime to which he is introduced in portions of the work, be not unfavourably impressed alike with the genius and amiable philosophical temperament of the author-a man of taste and reflection, of a complete, well-rounded career of human experience, who had seen life as it has happened to few so capable observers to see it, in private and in public, in its more familiar and in its most extraordinary aspects.

His native country, Scotland, not accustomed to neglect her worthies, may take an honest pride in John Moore. He came of a good stock. His father was a clergyman of the Kirk, at Stirling, eminent for his intellectual and moral qualities, who, at his death, in the son's boyhood, left the youth to the care of a mother distinguished for her good sense and amiable disposition. Under these auspices, young Moore was diligently educated at the University of Glasgow; and, medicine being chosen for his profession, was apprenticed to Gordon, the philand thropic surgeon, of whom the novel

ist, Smollett, not long before, had been a pupil. Duly instructed in the science, at the early age of nineteen he secured the patronage of the Duke of Argyle, then a commoner, and in an official surgical capacity accompanied him and his regiment to Flanders, where he served under General Braddock. He subsequently renewed his medical studies at Paris and London, and, having married happily, pursued the practice of his profession at Glasgow, to the age of forty-three, when, being engaged as the travelling companion, on the Continent, of the young Duke of Hamilton, he entered upon that course of observation of foreign countries which was to furnish the material and incentive to his future literary career. Five years were passed with this nobleman, of course with every social advantage, in the study of the chief capitals of Europe. On returning home he published his first work, "A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany," followed by a similar work on Italy. "Zeluco," his first novel, appeared in 1786, when the author had reached the mature age of fifty-seven. In 1792, he accompanied the Earl of Lauderdale to Paris, on a tour of observation, and was an eye-witness of the culminating horrors of the French Revolution. He shortly after published a narrative of his residence in France, and subsequently a "View of the Causes and Progress of the French Revolution." A second novel, “Edward," appeared from his pen in 1796; and a third, "Mordaunt," in 1800. These, with the exception of a volume of "Medical Sketches," and a memoir of Smollett, complete the series of the author's publications. He died in England, in 1802,

at the age of seventy-three, leaving a family of several sons, all honourably employed in the professions, the eldest of whom, General Sir John Moore, has his place in history.

The filling up of this skeleton outline is to be supplied from the books of the author; and they afford, as we have intimated, a rare opportunity of becoming acquainted with a man whom it is a pleasure to know. There is probably no profession which affords better opportunities for the study of character than that of the physician; and when it is exercised by a man of natural good sense, of thorough education, of a kind, sympathetic heart, of powers of reflection, we would rank it foremost in this particular. The lawyer sees much of his fellow-men, but generally in a hard, selfish aspect, in the preservation of the rights of property, or the defence of wounded character. The clergyman is witness to much of suffering and much of heroism; but there are fewer disguises with the physician. Ego te intus et in cute novi may he fairly say, with the Roman satirist, of the race of man, whose existence he watches at every stage, from the cradle to the grave. There is, to be sure, the danger to the physician, common to him with the members of the other professions that of blinding his judgment by a species of studied conventionalism, with the opposite risk of entertaining a habit of contempt, generated naturally enough by the constant sight of the weakness and corruptions of poor humanity. From these tendencies the physician can be saved only by the possession of an intellect of unusual soundness, and a heart of uncommon benevolence. Where these exist, as in the case of Moore, there are boundless charity and unfathomable sympathy. There are living patterns of such men; and they may be looked for at the very summit of the profession. You may know them by the qualities which mark the true

man of science and the true man of feeling. Calm, patient, sedate; looking tranquilly out upon the world with "an eye that hath kept watch o'erman's mortality ;" tolerant judges, in their wide experience, of human frailty; ever seeking to relieve suffering; cultivating cheerfulness as a prime minister of their art; daily observers of the severest trials of endurance, and of the most touching examples of devotion; the tired actor, wearied with his part on the stage of the world, his mask thrown aside in the presence of his friend, who counts the pulsations of his heart-who, with more penetrating sagacity, with deeper insight of sympathy, with greater scorn where scorn should be given, with more willing tolerance where charity appeals, who sooner than the good physician, is to be entrusted with the pen of the novelist, to go forth into society and write the character of the race, its blended good and evil, the mingled result of its physical, moral, and intellectual elements ?

The reason, perhaps, why there are so few authors, depictors of life and manners, from the medical profession, is the engrossing nature of the pursuit, and its tendency to formalism. One must be of the profession, and above it, to enjoy the advantages we have suggested. This was the lot of Moore, which qualified him for his literary work. He was early thrown upon the world in that army-life which has bred so many good authors. Then his occupation as a surgeon relieved him from the pottering, dwindling tendencies which too often entangle the physician-reverencing the sovereign healing ministries of nature, he freely ridiculed the excessive "prescriptions" of his day-and, what was essential to his career, he was, at the prime of life, exempted from the routine of the calling, and summoned to play his part, with a freedom which could not exist for him in Great Britain, in unreserved inter

course with the highest and most cultivated social circles of France, Germany, and Italy, and this too at a period when the whole continent was in a ferment of new ideas, when Europe was labouring with the great birth of the Revolution.

We confess we like to know something of the man as an introduction to his writings, being of Addison's opinion, in the “Spectator,” “ that a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure till he knows whether the writer of it be a black or fair man, of a choleric disposition, married or a a bachelor; with other particulars of a like nature, that conduce very much to the right understanding of an author." The worthy biographer of Dr. Moore, Dr. Robert Anderson, has taken pains, in his somewhat generalising way, to enable us to form a notion of the appearance of the author of "Zeluco." "His person and manners," we are told, "announced vigour of body and intrinsic worth. His form was manly and graceful. His features were regular and prepossessing. His eye expressed, at once, penetration and benignity. His air and manner commanded respect, while it inspired affection. His behaviour and address bore the genuine stamp of true politeness; dignified, with ease and grace, and affable, without vanity or affectation." This is complimentary enough, but vague, according to the fashion of biography in the last century. A writer in the present would give the colour of the eyes and hair of his subject, an enumeration of his phrenological organs, his height in feet and inches, his weight in avoirdupois. For ourselves, we prefer to either a glance at the good Doctor's portraits, taken at different periods by Cochrane, by Gavin Hamilton, by Sir Thomas Lawrence, and by an amateur, W. Lock. The first, taken at his prime, shows a countenance of much beauty, in the general, well-rounded contour, and the graceful separate features. The

second, taken later in life, has another beauty, that of thoughtful meditation, proportioned to the period. Lawrence's portrait we have not seen; that of Lock is a profilesketch, with the features somewhat worn. All exhibit traces of manly force and sensibility.

Such were the opportunities and capacity of the man. Let us test them by his writings. The "View of Society and Manners in France," his first book, opens with a scene characteristic of the habits of men of family and fashion of the day. Moore's young charge, the Duke of Hamilton, has just lost an unconscionable sum in a fit of gamblinga propensity which he may have inherited from his father, the proud and profligate Duke, who carelessly threw away a thousand pounds in an entertainment one night at Lord Chesterfield's, neglecting his cards at one end of the room while he was making love to the beautiful Miss Gunning at the other. Every reader of the gossip of those times will recall Horace Walpole's account of his marriage to the lady, which came off a day or two after; how the hotlivered Duke hurried her away at midnight to Mayfair Chapel, where the couple were united by an obsequious parson, "with a ring of the bed-curtain." Seven hundred people, he also tells us "sat up all night in and about an inn, in Yorkshire, to see her get into her post-chaise one morning." This lady, it will be remembered, after the death of her first husband, became Duchess of Argyle, and by her two illustrious marriages was the mother of four Dukes. Of these the second was Moore's pupil, or companion, to whom we are introduced in the gambling scene. The Mentor resolutely expostulates, exhibiting the folly and immorality of his course, when, in the midst of the lecture, enters one of the young gentleman's acquaintances, who pooh-poohs all the arguments in the cause of virtue. "There,"

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