अन्तःकरणं विविधं दशधा वाह्यं चयस्य विषयाख्यम् । ७ वाग्भवति शब्दविषया शेषाणि तु पञ्च विषयाणि ॥ ३४ ॥ ७ तस्मात्त्रिविधं करणं द्वारि द्वाराणि शेषाणि ॥ ३५ ॥ ॥ HISTORY-ENGLAND AND INDIA. N. B.-Of the first five questions only three are to be answered. 1. Give an account of the introduction of Christianity into England, and explain fully its political influence in the country. Name and describe the career of the great ecclesiastical statesmen in English history. 2. State fully the origin and influence of the English Baronage and explain how its power was modified by the Universities and the Wars of the Roses. In what respects did the Barons contribute to the history of constitutional freedom? How far have they been represented in modern times by the House of Lords? 3. Give a full account of the rise, constitution, and influence of the English boroughs; and give the history of the franchise. Trace the history of the struggle between the Sovereign and the people, and explain the prerogatives of the Crown as determined by it. How did the Tudors and Stuarts attempt to modify the political influence of the House of Commons? 4. Sketch the course of events that led to the Second Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, and explain the provisions of the treaty. What points were left undecided by the treaty, and how were they finally settled? In what circumstances was the First Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle made, and what were its results? Describe the social and political condition of England under George II. 5. Give a full account of the circumstances that led to the union of England, Scotland, and Ireland; and explain historically the difference in the results of the union as regards Scotland and Ireland. 6. Explain the origin and character of the East India Company and trace the history of its transformation into a political body. Explain why it was replaced by the direct government of the Crown, and discuss the merits of the change. 7. Explain and illustrate the social and political condition of India under the Moguls; account for their fall; and give a brief account of the various states that rose on the ruins of their empire. 8. Give an account of the administrations of Warren Hastings and Lord Dalhousie, with a critical estimate of each as an adminis trator. Summarise the progress of Indian society in the interval, and sketch briefly the relations between the British Government and the Feudatory States. HISTORY-GREECE AND ROME. Examiner-REV. JAS. ROBERTSON, M. A. N. B.-Only six questions are to be answered. 1. Determine the historical value of the legends of the heroic age in Greece; describe the state of Greek society at that time, and trace the development of the various forms of government that obtained in the historical period. Explain the terms archon, ephors, despot, agora, boule, gerousia. 2. Explain carefully what elements of union and disunion existed in Greece, and trace the influence of these on the development of Greek history. 3. Describe the rise and development of the Greek colonies, indicate their geographical position, and explain their importance in Hellenic history. 4. Describe the struggle that resulted in the transfer of the hegemony from Athens to Sparta, and characterise the subsequent policy of Sparta. How did it prepare the way for the supremacy of Macedon ? 5. Give an account of Athenian art and literature to the end of the 5th century B. C., and compare them with those of Rome up to the time of Augustus. 6. Trace the development of the Roman constitution to the close of the Second Punic War, and explain the varying significations of the term Populus Romanus. Contrast the power and influence of Rome under the Kings and the Patricians, and explain how the union of the Patricians and the Plebeians affected the subsequent history of the state. 7. What is an agrarian law? Give an account of the more important instances in Roman history up to the time of the Gracchi. The blood of the Gracchi was the seed sown, and Marius was the fruit": explain fully the character and object of the reforms proposed by the Gracchi, and show how their overthrow led to the overthrow of the republic. Give a parallel case from the history of reform in any other state. 8. Draw a map to show the extent of the Roman Empire under Trajan, and contrast it with the Empire under Augustus. Describo the social and political condition of the Empire in the age of the Antonines, noticing particularly the improvements made during that period in trade and commerce. MODERN EUROPE. Examiner-REV. JAS. ROBERTSON, M. A. N. B. Of the first three questions only two are to be answered. 1. Explain the origin and nature of the institution of royalty, describe the part it has played in the history of European civilisation, and trace its history in the more important countries of Europe. 2. Give an account of the development and influence of the democratic spirit in Europe from the 11th to the 16th century, and explain why it ultimately failed to obtain a permanent place during this period. 3. Summarise the condition of Europe at the beginning of the 16th century and shew how far this enables you to account for the Reformation. Explain, after Guizot, the true character of the Reformation, and account for the variation in its results in different countries. Give an account of the origin and objects of “the League" and trace its history. 4. Describe the career of Charles V, and explain historically the present position of Spain among the nations of Europe. 5. Describe the general course of European history in the time of Gustavus Adolphus, the "Lion of the North," and trace the history of Sweden and its influence in Europe to the time of Charles XII. 6. Give an account of the Austrian Empire as it now exists, and trace the history of its formation. Show how the Roman Empire of the West was gradually transformed into a confederation of German states, and explain the Germanic element in European civilisation. Describe the attempts of the Turks to conquer Europe. 7. Give an outline of the history of European colonisation. Trace the history of the colonial struggle between Great Britain and France, and give an account of the present colonial possessions of each of the leading European states. POLITICAL ECONOMY. Examiner-REV. JAS. ROBERTSON, M. A. 1. Define capital, and explain fully its relations to production. Analyse the effects of the separation of employments, and compare the advantages of individual management and the joint-stock principle in carrying on production on a large scale. 2. Explain the law of population, and shew how the increase of population is practically limited. Discuss the various methods proposed to prevent over-population, with special reference to India. 3. Expound briefly the laws that regulate the distribution of the produce of land. Explain fully the principle of property, and discuss the question of property in land. State and examine Mill's views as to the propriety of limiting the power of bequest. 4. On what does the value of money depend? Show that the introduction of money does not interfere with the operation of any of the laws of value. Explain the advantages of a circulating medium, and discuss the various methods of utilising gold and silver for this purpose. 5. Explain how industrial progress affects the distribution of produce among the classes that share in it. Explain the causes of economical progress, and show how it affects values. 6. "To buy things produced at home is a national benefit, and the introduction of foreign commodities is a national loss:" name and examine the theory to which this statement belongs, and expose its defects. Should a government in any circumstances attempt to regulate the price of food, or the rate of interest? If so, how? PSYCHOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS. Examiner-REV. W. HASTIE, B. D. [Only 6 questions to be taken.] 1. State what you regard as the leading problems of Mental Science at present; indicate the attitude of the various schools towards them; and shew what processes or methods are being applied for their solution. Discuss in the light of recent investigations the propositions: "The Brain is the Organ of Mind;" "Mind is a function of the organism;" ;" "Mental Science must seek data in Sociology." 2. Analyse the Consciousness of Externality, and trace it from its primary form with reference to the various senses to the common representation of an external object so as to elucidate the process of perception. Describe in connection the Systemic Sense, the Sensorimotor nervous system, the Muscular Sense and the Locomotive Faculty and give historical notices of the functions that have been assigned to them by psychologists. Or Contrast the theories of the a priori and the empirical origin of the perception of space; give the views of Locke, Berkeley, Kant, Hamilton, Bain and Spencer; and discuss in particular the relations of Sight and Touch to this perception. 3. Give an account of any important attempts to treat the mental phenomena as mathematical quantities; state any formulated results attained in the sphere of sensation; and consider the applicability of the method to the higher mental processes. 4. Write historical and critical notes on (a.) The primary and secondary qualities of matter, giving the various classifications and their bases; (b.) The Laws of Mental Association, their ultimate generalization and their function in the Mental Economy; (c.) The Faculty, Cognitions, and reliability of Self-Consciousness and its relation to Consciousness in general. 5. Explain as clearly as you can the psychological and metaphysical import of the following expressions of Kant: (1) The Synthetical unity of Apperception; (2) The Schematism of the pure Understanding; (3) Independently of Sensibility we cannot possibly have any intuition; consequently the Understanding is no faculty of intuition; (4). The Paralogisms of pure Reason. Critically estimate their value in the view of subsequent Speculation. 6. Give the various forms in which the theory of the Relativity of human knowledge has been held, and criticise them. Consider the question of the ultimate and universal validity of the conceptions of Unity, Substantiality,' and 'Causality;' and state the views of Plato, Aristotle, Schelling, Hegel, Ferrier and Schopenhauer or Trendelenburg with regard to Absolute Cognition. 7. Give Herbert Spencer's Classification of the Feelings, Bain's Analysis of Belief, and Schleiermacher's elucidation of the religious Consciousness. Summarise Kant's treatment of the Ontological Argument, and indicate how it has been treated since by Hegel and others. 8. Write a short paper on the Materialism of this century, its causes, its chief expounders, its characteristic principles and its validity. Compare it in these respects with the Hindu and Greek forms of Materialism. LOGIC. Examiner-REV. W. HASTIE, B. D. [Only six questions to be answered.] 1. Give an historical and explanatory account of the following terms: Logic; Dialectic; Category; Enthymeme; Epicheirema; Logica docens; Second Intention; Transcendental Logic; Identity of Contradictories; Obversion; Substitution of Similars. 2. Distinguish Thought from other modes of Cognition, and describe its functions; shew how far a complete Logic should deal with Thought; and point out the relations of Logic to other Sciences. 3. State and Criticise the views advanced regarding the ultimate principle of Inference by Aristotle, Hobbes, Hamilton, Mill and Jevons. 4. Give a summary of the logical doctrines of George Bentham, Boole and Jevons. Consider how far their contributions to Logic supplement or supersede the Aristotelian system; and compare their treatment of the quantification of the Predicate with that of Hamilton. 5. Give an account of Kant's view of Logic; shew how Fichte's method arose; and criticise the form which the a priori Dialectic assumed in Hegel's system. 6. State what you conceive to be the ultimate Laws or Conditions of thinking; consider their evidence and range of application; and account for the various forms of illogical thinking. Give a summary of Aristotle's Treatise on the Sophistical Elenchi, and estimate its value. |