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thrown (Feb. 10, 1846). After a brief exile as special ambassador at the French court he returned to power in 1847, but soon afterwards quarreled with queen Christina, and found it necessary again to retire from office in 1851. In 1856, on the overthrow of O'Donnell's ministry, he again became president of council, and immediately commenced to strengthen the royal authority and to restrict the liberty of the press. The intrigues of the court compelled his resignation in 1857. He returned to power in 1864, and (1865) was succeeded by O'Donnell, with whom he suppressed, in 1866, a military revolt in Madrid. He replaced O'Donnell in the same year, and, despite the efforts of O'Donnell and Prim, retained power till his death in 1868.

NARWHAL, Monodon, or narwhalus, a genus of cetacea, of the family delphinidæ, resembling beluga (q.v.) in form and in the want of a dorsal fin, but remarkably charac terized by having no teeth at all, except two in the upper jaw, supposed to be canines, which sometimes remain quite rudimentary, even in the mature animal, as they are in the young, and sometimes developed into great spirally twisted straight tusks, passing through the upper lip, and projecting like horns in front. Only one species is ascertained, M. monoceros or N. vulgaris; the other species which have been described by naturalists having been founded on exaggerations and untrustworthy observations. It inhabits the Arctic seas, and is very rarely found so far south as the Shetland isles, although an accidental wanderer has reached the coast of England. Narwhals are often seen in great numbers among the ice-fields, and in the creeks and bays of the most northern coasts. They commonly associate in small herds. The tusks are much more frequently developed in the male than in the female, but in the female also they sometimes attain a large size. It is but rarely that both tusks are largely developed, although they sometimes are so, and then diverge a little; one of them generally continues rudimentary or attains a length only of a few inches, whilst the other becomes a great horn, projecting straight in front, from which the animal has received the name of SEA UNICORN. A mature narwhal is generally about 15 or 16 ft. in length, without reckoning the tusk, which is from 6 to 10 ft. long. The body is less thick than that of the beluga; the head is small, the forehead rises abruptly, the muzzle is very obtuse, the upper jaw projects a little; the first half of the body is nearly cylindrical, the remainder to the tail fin is conical. The tusk is hollow nearly to the point. Its use is rather conjectured than known. It is probably a weapon of defence, but Scoresby has suggested that it may be also used for breaking thin ice in order to obtain opportunity for respiration; and for killing fish, as he found remains of skates and other flat-fish in the stomach of a narwhal, which it is not easy to imagine how a toothless animal, with rather small mouth and lips, could capture and swallow, unless the formidable tusk were first employed. Cephalopodous mollusks, however, are believed to constitute a principal part of the food of narwhals. The narwhal is a very active animal, swimming with great rapidity, lively, and playful. A group of narwhals playing together, projecting their great horns from the sea, and crossing them in their sport, is a very interesting sight. The narwhal is pursued by the Greenlanders and other inhabitants of the north, for the sake of its blubber, with which its whole body is invested to the thickness of about 3 in., amounting to nearly half a ton in weight, and yielding a large proportion of excellent oil. being of an extremely compact white substance-denser, harder, and whiter than ivory The tusks are also valuable, -which is used as a substitute for ivory. The kings of Denmark have long possessed a magnificent throne of this material, which is preserved in the castle of Rosenberg. The flesh of the narwhal is used by the Greenlanders as food. Great medicinal virtues were formerly ascribed to the tusks. See illus., WHALE, ETC., vol. XV., fig. 1.

NASA'LIS, or PROBOSCIS MONKEY, Nasalis larvatus, a monkey allied to the doucs or semnopitheci, but distinguished from all other monkeys by an extreme elongation of nose, that organ being nearly 4 in. in length in the mature animal. comparatively undeveloped. The nostrils are placed quite at the extremity of the nose, and are separated merely by a thin cartilage. Of what use the magnitude of its nose is In the young the nose is to the animal is unknown. The nasalis inhabits Borneo and neighboring islands. It is gregarious. It is an animal of about 3 ft. in height if placed erect a position it does not often assume. It can leap 15 ft. or more. Its fur is thick, not long, nor woolly; chestnut red, and in some parts golden yellow. See illus., MONKEYS, ETC.

NASCAPEES, or NASCAPIS, a tribe of Indians inhabiting Labrador, of the Algonkin family, of whom very little is known, as missionary effort has had small influence among them, and there has been little other opportunity offered for investigating their history or their manners and customs. though grammars of their language are said to be in existence in manuscript. The numNo linguistic works concerning them have been published, ber of the Nascapees was estimated in 1870 to be about 2,860.

NAS CENT STATE, in chemistry. When an element or compound is liberated from some chemical combination in which it had previously existed, the element or compound so liberated is at the moment when it escapes said to be in a nascent state; and it is then often capable of exerting far more powerful combining action with other bodies than it can exhibit when brought in contact with them after it has been liberated. Arsenic and hydrogen will not directly combine if brought in contact with one another under ordinary circumstances, but the application of Marsh's test (see ARSENIC) depends upon the direct union of the nascent hydrogen (liberated by the decomposition of the water) with

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the arsenic, giving rise to arseniureted hydrogen gas. Again, if hydrated protoxide of nickel, NiO H,O, be suspended in a solution of caustic potash, K,O-H2O, it will undergo no change if a current of oxygen gas be passed through the solution; but if a current of chlorine be substituted for the oxygen, the whole of the metallic protoxide wil be converted into the brown sesquioxide, Ni,O,, the resulting decomposition being shown in the equation:

Hydrated Protoxide of Nickel.

Hydrate of

Hydrated Sesqui- Chloride of
Potassa. Chlorine, oxide of Nickel.

Potassium.

2NiO H2O+ K2O·H2O + Cl = Ni2O, 3H,0 + 2KCI.

This change arises from the action of the chlorine upon the potash, during which chloride of potassium, KCl, is formed, while the nascent oxygen which is liberated from the potash combines with the oxide of nickel. Again, cyanogen, C,N2, and chlorine do not enter directly into combination, but if cyanogen at the instant that it is liberated from one of its compounds (as, for example, cyanide of mercury) comes in contact with chlorine, the two combine; and many other examples of similar action might be adduced.

NASEBY, a parish and village of England, in the county of Northampton, 12 m. n. of the town of that name. Pop. abt. 690. The battle of Naseby, between Charles I. and the parliamentary army under Fairfax and Cromwell, took place here, June 14, 1645. It resulted in the total defeat of the royalists, the king being compelled to flee, after losing his cannon and baggage, and nearly 5,000 of his army as prisoners.

NASH, a co. in n.e. North Carolina, bounded on the n. by Swift creek, on the s.w. by Contentny creek, and drained by Tar river; 500 sq.m.; pop. '90, 20,707, chiefly of American birth, inclu. colored. The surface is irregular and heavily wooded. The principal productions are Indian corn, cotton, sweet-potatoes, wheat, and oats. Co. seat, Nashville.

NASH, ABNER, 1730-86; b. Va., brother of Gen. Francis; when very young removed from Prince Edward co. to Newbern, N. C., where he studied law, entered at the bar, and continued a successful practice for many years. He was a member of the provincial congress in August, 1774, and of the council in 1775. In 1776 he was a member of the commission which framed the state constitution of Virginia, and was elected to the house of commons session of 1777-78. In 1779 he was elected president of the senate, and governor of the state in 1780, resigning in the following spring. He married for his first wife the widow of Governor Arthur Dobbs. In 1782 he was again elected to the assembly and was sent by that body as delegate to congress 1782-84 and 1785–86.

NASH, FRANCIS, b. Va.; settled in Orange co., N. C.; was clerk of the superior court of the county before the revolution; was a member of the provincial convention of 1775, by which he was appointed lieut. col.; in 1777 was made brig.gen. by the continental congress; commanded a brigade at Brandywine and Germantown. At the latter place he was mortally wounded, and died at Kalpsville, Penn., Oct. 17, 1777. A monument was erected by the citizens of Germantown and Norristown.

NASH, JOHN, an architect, was b. in London in 1752. He underwent the usual course of training for his profession, but soon entered into some building speculations which enabled him to buy a small property in Caermarthen. Here in fresh speculations he lost much money; therefore, in 1792, returned to London and architecture, in which he speedily rose to eminence. On the strength of having obtained a patent in 1797 for improvements in the construction of the arches and piers of bridges, he was in the habit of claiming a great part of the credit of introducing the use of cast-iron girders. A large part of his time was occupied in designing and constructing mansion-houses for the nobility and gentry in England and Ireland, but he is chiefly celebrated in connection with the great street improvements in London. From Feb., 1815, when he was appointed "architect, valuer, and agent to the board of woods and forests," down till near the end of his professional career, he was busily engaged in the planning of routes, grouping of buildings, and fixing of sites. Regent Street, Haymarket Theater, Langham Place church, and the terraces in Regent's Park are specimens of his designs. The pavilion at Brighton was another of his works. He retired from his profession in 1834, and died May 13, 1835. Nash, notwithstanding his many defects, possessed great power of effective grouping, as is well shown in his works. In the architecture of mansion-houses the designing of "interiors" was his forte.

NASH, JOSEPH, b. in England 1812; began his career as an artist in 1835 by exhibiting drawings of French cathedrals and other ancient buildings. He soon acquired high rank as a painter in water-colors and he made a specialty of illustrating old English architecture and domestic interiors. Nash published two series of these illustrations. Architecture of the Middle Ages (1838), and Mansions of England in the Olden Time (183949). Nash also produced historical paintings in water colors, such as "Charles V. visiting Francis I. during his Confinement;""Queen Catherine, Campeius, and Ladies" and "The Queen's Visit to Lincoln Hall" (1846). In 1878 an annual pension was bestowed upon him in recognition of his services to art. He d. 1878.

NASH, RICHARD, better known by the name of Beau Nash, a fashionable character of the last century, who attained to a very remarkable notoriety, was the son of a Welsh

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gentleman, and was born at Swansea, in Glamorganshire, Oct. 18, 1674. After studying at Oxford, he held for some time a commission in the army, and subsequently took rooms in the Temple, but the dissipations of society had more attraction for him than the pursuits of law. He became a diner-out, a frequenter of good society, and contrived to support himself by gambling. But the grand turning-point in his fortunes was his visit in 1704 to Bath-then a favorite haunt of elegant invalids, and the scene of the gayest intrigues. Nash undertook the management of the public balls, which he conducted with a splendor and decency never before witnessed. In this way he came to acquire an imperial influence in the fashionable society of the place. It appears that he was also distinguished by a species of sentimental benevolence. He played hard and successfully; yet if he heard an individual sighing behind his chair, Good Heavens! how happy would that money make me," Nash would thrust his own winnings into his hands, with theatrical generosity, and exclaim: 'Go, and be happy." His own equipage at this period of his career was sumptuous. He used, we are told, to travel to Tunbridge in a post-chariot and six grays, with outriders, footmen, French-horns, and every other appendage of expensive parade. He is praised for the great care which he took of the morals of the young ladies who attended the Bath balls, always putting them on their guard against needy adventurers-like himself. In his old age, Beau Nash sank into poverty, and often felt the want of that charity which he himself had never refused. He died at Bath, Feb. 3, 1761, at the age of 87.

NASH, THOMAS, 1564-1601; b. England; took a bachelor's degree at Cambridge, from which he was expelled for lampooning the college authorities. After a long tour on the continent he settled in London, and became a literary free lance. He began his career by some clever satires on the Puritans, whom he ridiculed in his Pap with a Hatchet, An Almond for a Parrot, and A Countercuffe to Martin Junior. His powers of satire soon made him a favorite with the wits of the day. In 1590 he was associated with Marlow in the composition of The Tragedy of Queen Dido, and two years later his comedy, called Summer's Last Will and Testament, was produced in the presence of queen Elizabeth. But witty as he was as a pamphleteer, he had little talent as a dramatist; his play fell flat, and, as writing for the stage was then the only remunerative field for an author, he was soon miserably poor. In his Pierce Penilesse, his Supplication to the Divell, he describes himself as "sitting up late and rising early, contending with the cold, and conversing with scarcitie;" and the same tone prevails in his Christe's Tears over Jerusalem. He soon plucked up his old spirits, however, and began to assail Gabriel Harvey, a friend of Spenser and sir Philip Sidney, but an object of constant ridicule by the town wits. Harvey defended himself, but in vain, against the shower of pamphlets which Nash rained upon him. In 1597 Nash produced a satirical play called The Isle of Dogs. His satire seems to have been too pungent, for he was arrested and imprisoned in the Fleet. No later work of his is known.

NASH, WILLIAM, D.D., b. in Stuttgart, Germany, 1807; educated at the university of Tübingen. Removing to the United States, he became a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church at the west, and founded American German Methodism. He published a German commentary on the Bible, and for several years has edited the German publications of the Methodist Episcopal church.

NASHUA, one of the judicial seats of Hillsborough co., N. H.; on the Nashua river, near its junction with the Merrimac; 35 m. s. of Concord and 40 m. n.w. of Boston. It was settled before 1673; was called Dunstable till 1836; became a city in 1853; is now second in the state in manufactures and third in population. Among railroads passing through are the Boston and Maine, Boston and Lowell, and Concord. The city has a public library of 7000 vols.; a Protestant home for aged women, 10 churches, 20 public and 2 parochial schools, 3 nat. banks, 3 savings banks, one banking house, and 5 newspapers. A canal 3 m. long, 60 ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep connects the rivers and furnishes water power. The manufactures include iron and steel, edge tools, locks, bobbins and shuttles, furniture, cotton cloth, carpets, cards and glazed paper. A large reservoir n. of the city receives water from Pemichuck brook, 2 m. distant. Pop. 1790. 632 1820, 1142; 1860, 10,065; 1880, 13,397; 1890, 19,311.

NASHVILLE, port of delivery, judicial seat of Davidson co., Tenn., and can. of the state; on both sides of the Cumberland river, 200 m. above its junction with the Ohio and a little n. of the center of the state; in lat. 36° 10' n.; long. 86° 49' w., and 233 m. e.n.e. of Memphis. N. was settled in 1780; was incorporated as a town in 1784 and as a city in 1806. From 1812-15 and 1826-43, the legislature met here, and in 1843 it was made the permanent cap. It was occupied by federal troops in 1862, and in 1864 a desperate battle occurred here (see following article). N. is built on gradually rising ground, with regular streets, and has an altitude above the sea of 460 ft. During 9 months the river is navigable at high water by large steamboats to this point, and for smaller boats to Carthage, 100 m. above. It is connected with Edgefield on the n. bank, formerly a distinct town, by several bridges; one, a railway drawbridge, and another a truss bridge, 639 ft. long. Among railroads entering the city are the Louisville and Nashville, and Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis. N., which is the most populous and wealthy city in the state, is noted for its costly public and private buildings, among which are the custom house and post-office, Masonic temple, court house, market

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house, state penitentiary, 310 ft. by 50, and Maxwell house. The finest public building is the capitol, on an abrupt eminence 175 ft. high; it is 240 by 135 ft., built of limestone and iron, at a cost of nearly $1,500,000. It is three stories high, surmounted by a tower rising 206 ft. from the ground. The corner-stone was laid in 1845. The state asylum for the insane in the vicinity has room for 400 patients. Twelve m. from the city is the Hermitage, celebrated as the residence of Andrew Jackson. On account of its situation and ample railroad connections N. is the center of a great wholesale trade with the surrounding region. Groceries, cotton, dry goods, hardwood lumber, tobacco, hardware, liquors, flour and wheat, boots and shoes, are the largest components of this trade, the yearly value of which is estimated at $70,000,000. The manufactures include iron, cotton, and woolen goods, planed lumber, sashes, doors, etc., furniture, flour, cotton-seed oil, confectionery, crackers, leather, paper, carriages, malt liquors, and chewing gum, employing in 1880 a cap. of $5,000,000. From 268 estab. were produced articles valued at $8,597,278. There are 4 nat. banks, with aggregate cap. of $2,750,000, and 2 savings banks, the individual deposits in all aggregating $4,000,000; 6 other banks and trust cos, and several insurance cos. The educational facilities are unsurpassed in the s. w. states. Here are situated Nashville univ., founded in 1785 under the name of Davidson academy, which received its present name in 1826; Fisk univ., for the education of colored teachers, founded in 1867 and under Congregational control; Vanderbilt univ., founded in 1875 and controlled by the Methodist Episcopal church (south); Nashville coll. for young ladies, under the care of the same church; Central Tennessee coll., for colored people, founded in 1866 and also under Methodist control; Roger Williams univ. (Bap.); Nashville medical coll.; the medical coll. of, Vanderbilt univ.; the Tennessea coll. of pharmacy; St. Cecilia's and St. Bernard's academies (both R. C.); Peabody Normal coll. The public schools number 14; the academies, etc., 28, including Montgomery Bell academy for boys. There are 74 churches, 2 Jewish synagogues, 2 orphan asylums, 2 free libraries, several theaters, an opera house, a hospital, and 41 newspapers and magazines, 3 of them dailies. The city is governed by a mayor, an unpaid council of 10, and a salaried board of public works. It is supplied with water from the river by an elaborate system of water-works, has several lines of street railway and a paid fire department. Pop. 1830, 5566; 1860, 16,948; 1880, 43,350-16,337 colored; 1890, 76,168.

NASHVILLE, BATTLE OF. After the battle of Franklin, Nov. 30, 1864, between Hood and Schofield, the latter withdrew to Nashville, which he reached the next day, taking up his position on the heights about the city. Before Hood had established his lines s. of Nashville on the 4th, Thomas had been re-enforced by Morgan's division from Chattanooga, by Steedman's command of 5,000 men, by A. J. Smith's from Missouri, and by additional recruits, so as to be about equal to Hood's except in cavalry. The greater part of the cavalry force of Thomas had gone with Sherman. A storm on the night of Dec. 8, prevented operations for nearly a week. On the night of the 14th a plan of operations was agreed upon and was successfully carried out the next day, in spite of a dense fog in the morning. Hood was driven back of his line of works, to a position at the foot of Harpeth Hills. His loss in killed and wounded was heavy; and some 1200 prisoners and 16 pieces of artillery were taken from him. The federal loss was much less. On the morning of the 16th the battle was renewed, and by evening the confederate army was in retreat, having lost in the 2 days' fighting, 4,462 prisoners and 53 pieces of artillery. The federal army followed up the pursuit till the 27th, when the remainder of Hood's army crossed the Tennessee. The main federal army then gave up the pursuit, which was, however, continued by a cavalry force under Palmer, which caught up with the retreating army and destroyed a large amount of property. The loss of Thomas was estimated at about 10,000, during the entire campaign, from Sept. 7, 1864, to Jan. 20, 1865. In the same time 13,189 prisoners and 72 pieces of artillery were captured from the confederates. Hood was relieved from command Jan. 23, 1865.

NAʼSMYTH, JAMES; b. Edinburgh 1808; son of Alexander, the landscape painter. By the sale of models of steam engines and other machinery he was able to pay his fees at Edinburgh university, where he studied mathematics, natural philosophy, and chemistry. In 1829 he became assistant to the celebrated London engineer, Henry Maudslay, and in 1834, he began the manufacture of mechanical tools at Manchester, on his own account. The capacity of his Manchester works soon grew too small for the demands of his business, and he built a series of great workshops, called the Bridgewater foundry, near Manchester. Among the mechanical tools which he invented are the steam-hammer, the steam pile-driver, the suction-fan for ventilating mines, the safety foundry ladle, for pouring castings with safety to the workman, a spherical seated safety-valve, and a reversible rolling mill which does away with the necessity of a fly-wheel. He retired from business in 1857, and subsequently was engaged in researches into the structure of the sun and moon, with telescopes of his own manufacture. He published Remarks on Tools and Machinery, 1858; in association with James Carpenter, The Moon Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite; and an autobiography. He d. 1890.

NA'SO, a t. in the province of Messina, Sicily, 43 m. w.s.w. from Messina; pop. 2306. It is a walled t., with a number of fine buildings. There are mineral springs in the vicinity. NASON, ELIAS; b. Mass. 1811; graduated at Brown University in 1835; devoted himself to music, botany, and the languages; was a teacher and editor in Georgia, and

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in 1840-49 an instructor in Newburyport, Mass.; has been pastor of Congregational churches in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He published Lives of sir C. H. Frankland, Susanna Rowson, Nathaniel Howe, Charles Sumner, and Henry Wilson; and a Gazetteer of Massachusetts.

NASR-ED-DIN, b. Persia, 1831. On the death of his father, Muhammed Mirza, Sept. 10, 1848, he ascended the throne of Persia. His reign has been principally dis tinguished by his successful contests with the neighboring tribes, his suppression of the sect of the Babis, who revolted and attempted his life in 1852, his defeat in the war with England in 1856-57, the famine which desolated a large part of his country in 1871, and his visit to the principal courts of Europe in 1873, which he described in a curious diary translated into English by J. W. Redhouse. The concessions which he made to baron Reuter for establishing railroads and canals, and working the mines in Persia, ended in no practical results. He has three sons and eight daughters, the heir presumptive is Muzaffer-ed-din, gov. of Agerbaidjan.

NASSAU, an island in the Pacific Ocean, lying in lat. 11° 30' s., long. 165° 30′ w. It is low and uninhabited, was discovered in 1835 by a captain of an American whaling ship.

NASSAU, formerly a German duchy, new Wiesbaden, a district of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, in 49° 50-50° 50 n. lat., and 7° 30'-8° 45 e. long., is bounded w. and s. by the Main and the Rhine, the Prussian-Rhenish provinces, and the grandduchy of Hesse; e. by the Hesse and Frankfort territories; and n. by Westphalia. Area, 1802 sq. miles. Pop. '90, 843,209. Wiesbaden possesses very great physical advantages. In its southern districts, nearly the whole of its area is occupied by the Taunus mountains, whose highest point, the great Feldberg, attains an elevation of about 2,750 feet. This range includes within its boundaries the fertile valleys known as the Rheingau. The northern part of the district includes the barren highlands of the Westerwald, whose most considerable peak, the Salzburger Head, is nearly 2,000 ft. high. Besides the Rhine and the Main, which are the boundary-rivers, Wiesbaden is traversed from e. to w. by the Lahn, which becomes navigable at Weilburg, and is augmented by the confluence of numerous other streams, as the Weil, Embs, Aar, Dill, and Elbe. The productiveness of the soil is proved by the excellent quality of the numerous vegetable products, which include corn, hemp, flax, tobacco, vegetables, and fruits, including grapes, which yield some of the most highly esteemed Rhenish wines. The hills are well wooded, and abound with game of various kinds, and the rivers yield an abundance of fish and crustaceans. In the more mountainous districts, iron, lead, copper, and some silver are obtained, together with good building stone, marble, and coal; the chief mineral wealth is, however, derived from the numerous springs, which, directly and indirectly, bring the government a clear annual gain of more than 100,000 gulden. The most noted of these springs, of which there are more than 100, are Wiesbaden, Weilbach, LangenSchwalbach, Schlangenbad, Ems, Selters, and Geilnau, the majority of which were the property of the duke.

Wiesbaden, which is divided into 12 circles, has few towns of any commercial importance, but it boasts of many fashionable watering-places, which are annually crowded with visitors from every part of the world. Of these, the most considerable are Wiesbaden (q.v.), the capital of the district-pop. '90, 64,693-Schwalbach, Schlangenbad, Fachingen, Selters, and Geilnau. Höchst, an active little place on the Main, is the only manufacturing town of the duchy, but a brisk trade is carried on at many small ports on the Rhine, Main, and Lahn, from whence the mineral waters, wines, and other natural products of the country are exported. The exports are wine-including some of the choicest kinds, as Hochheimer, Johannisberger, Rüdesheimer, Markobrunner, Asmannshäuser-mineral waters, corn, iron, manganese, cattle, etc.; while the imports embrace colonial products, manufactured goods, salt, jewelry, etc.

Nassau had a representative form of government, based on the constitution of 1814; and the duke, who was also a count-palatine of the Rhine, count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenellenbogen, and Dietz, etc., was assisted in the government by a council of state, presided over by a prime-minister. The legislative assembly consisted of an upper chamber composed of 24 representatives, chosen for six years, and a second chamber, chosen annually. More than one-third of the population belonged to the Catholic church, which was under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the bishop of Limburg, who was assisted by a board of commissioners, located at Eltville, on the Rhine; and excepting about 19,000 persons who belonged to the Jewish and other persuasions, the remainder of the people, including the then reigning house, professed the "evangelical" form of German Protestantism, and were comprehended in one episcopal see under the bishop of Wiesbaden. Ample provisions were made in the district for popular education, in furtherance of which there were upwards of 700 elementary schools, with about 1000 teachers, 10 normal schools, a gymnasium, various training, theological, polytechnic, military, and other educational institutions. In accordance with a treaty with Hanover, Göttingen constitutes the university for arts for Wiesbaden, which has also a Roman Catholic theological faculty in conjunction with Hesse-Cassel at the university of Marburg. Wiesbaden, which is the principal seat for all national institutions of literature, science, and benevolence, has a good public library, containing 60,000 volumes, a museum, etc.