shall make the grant, deny the petition, and issue a concise statement of the reasons for denying the petition, which statement shall dispose of all substantial issues raised by the petition. If a substantial and material question of fact is presented or if the Commission for any reason is unable to find that grant of the application would be consistent with subsection (a), it shall proceed as provided in subsection (e).

(e) If, in the case of any application to which subsection (a) of this section applies, a substantial and material question of fact is presented or the Commission for any reason is unable to make the finding specified in such subsection, it shall formally designate the application for hearing on the ground or reasons then obtaining and shall forthwith notify the applicant and all other known parties in interest of such action and the ground and reasons therefor, specifying with particularity the matters and things in issue but not including issues or requirements phrased generally. When the Commission has so designated an application for hearing, the parties in interest, if any, who are not notified by the Commission of such action may acquire the status of a party to the proceeding thereon by filing a petition for intervention showing the basis for their interest not more than thirty days after publication of the hearing issues or any substantial amendment thereto in the Federal Register." Any hearing subsequently held upon such application shall be a full hearing in which the applicant and all other parties in interest shall be permitted to participate. The burden of proceeding with the introduction of evidence and the burden of proof shall be upon the applicant, except that with respect to any issue presented by a petition to deny or a petition to enlarge the issues, such burdens shall be as determined by the Commission.

(f) When an application subject to subsection (b) has been filed, the Commission, notwithstanding the requirements of such subsection, may, if the grant of such application is otherwise authorized by law and if it finds that there are extraordinary circumstances requiring temporary operations in the public interest and that delay in the institution of such temporary operations would seriously prejudice the public interest, grant a temporary authorization, accompanied by a statement of its reasons therefor, to permit such temporary operations for a period not exceeding 180 days, and upon making like findings may extend such temporary authorization for additional periods not to exceed 180 days. When any such grant of a temporary authorization is made, the Commission shall give expeditious treatment to any timely filed petition to deny such application and to any petition for rehearing of such grant filed under section 405.97

The second sentence of section 309(e) was amended by Public Law 88-306, approved May 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 193, to require a party in interest who wishes to intervene in a hearing to signify its intention to do so not more than thirty days after publication of the hearing issues, or any substantial amendment thereto, in the Federal Register. This sentence formerly read as follows: When the Commission has so designated an application for hearing the parties in interest, if any, who are not notified by the Commission of such action may acquire the status of a party to the proceeding thereon by filing a petition for intervention showing the basis for their interest at any time not less than ten days prior to the date of hearing.

07 Subsection 309(f) was amended to read as above by Public Law 97-259, 96 Stat. 1087, 1094, Sept. 13, 1982, which substituted "emergency" for "temporary," substituted "additional periods" for "one Additional period," and substituted "180 days" for "ninety days."

(g) The Commission is authorized to adopt reasonable classifications of applications and amendments in order to effectuate the purposes of this section.

(h) Such station licenses as the Commission may grant shall be in such general form as it may prescribe, but each license shall contain, in addition to other provisions, a statement of the following conditions to which such license shall be subject: (1) The station license shall not vest in the licensee any right to operate the station nor any right in the use of the frequencies designated in the license beyond the term thereof nor in any other manner than authorized therein; (2) neither the license nor the right granted thereunder shall be assigned or otherwise transferred in violation of this Act; (3) every license issued under this Act shall be subject in terms to the right of use or control conferred by section 706 of this Act. 98

98 Section 309 was amended to read as above by Public Law 86-752, approved September 13, 1960, 74 Stat. 889. It formerly read as follows:

ACTION UPON APPLICATIONS: FORM OF AND CONDITIONS ATTACHED TO LICENSES

SEC. 309. (a) If upon examination of any application provided for in section 308, the Commission shall find that public interest, convenience, and necessity would be served by the granting thereof, it shall grant such application.

(b) If upon examination of any such application the Commission is unable to make the finding specified in subsection (a), it shall forthwith notify the applicant and other known parties in interest of the grounds and reasons for its inability to make such finding. Such notice which shall precede formal designation for a hearing, shall advise the applicant and all other known parties in interst of all objections made to the application as well as the source and nature of such objections. Following such notice, the applicant shall be given an opportunity to reply. If the Commission, after considering such reply, shall be unable to make the finding specified in subsection (a), it shall formally designate the application for hearing on the grounds or reasons then obtaining and shall notify the applicant and all other known parties in interest of such action and the grounds and reasons therefor, specifying with particularity the matters and things in issue but not including issues or requirements phrased generally. The parties in interest, if any, who are not notified by the Commission of its action with respect to a particular application may acquire the status of a party to the proceeding thereon by filing a petition for intervention showing the basis for their interest at any time not less than ten days prior to the date of hearing. Any hearing subsequently held upon such application shall be a full hearing in which the applicant and all other parties in interest shall be permitted to participate but in which both the burden of proceeding with the introduction of evidence upon any issue specified by the Commission, as well as the burden of proof upon all such issues shall be upon the applicant.

(c) When any instrument of authorization is granted by the Commission without a hearing as provided in subsection (a) hereof, such grant shall remain subject to protest as hereinafter provided for a period of thirty days. During such thirty-day period any party in interest may file a protest under oath directed to such grant and request a hearing on said application so granted. Any protest so filed shall be served on the grantee, shall contain such allegations of fact as will show the protestant to be a party in interest and shall specify with particularity the facts relied upon by the protestant as showing that the grant was improperly made or would otherwise not be in the public interest. The Commission shall within thirty day of the filing of the protest, render a decision making findings as to the sufficiency of the protest in meeting the above requirements; and where it so finds, shall designate the application for hearing upon issues relating to all matters specified in the protest as grounds for setting aside the grant, except with respect to such matters as to which the Commission, after affording protestant an opportuntiy for oral argument finds, for reasons set forth in the decision, that, even if the facts alleged were to be proven, no grounds for setting aside the grant are presented. The Commission may in such decision redraft the issues urged by the protestant in accordance with the facts or substantive matters alleged in the protest, and may also specify in such decision that the application be set for hearing upon such further issues as it may prescribe, as well as whether it is adopting as its own any of the issues resulting from the matter specified in the protest. In any hearing subsequently held upon such application issues specified by the Commission upon its own initiative or adopted by it shall be tried in the same manner provided in subsection (6) hereof, but with respect to issues resulting from facts set forth in the protest and not adopted or specified by the Commission, on its own motion, both the burden of proceeding with the introduction of evidence and the burden of proof shall be its own motion, both the burden of proceeding with the introduction of evidence and the burden of proof shall be upon the protestant. The hearing and determination of cases arising under this subsection shall be expedited by the Commission and pending hearing and decision the effective date of the Commission's action to which protest is made shall be postponed to the Continued

(i) 99 (1) If there is more than one application for any initial license or construction permit which will involve any use of the elec

effective date of the Commission's decision after hearing, unless the authorization involved is necessary for the maintenance or conduct of an existing service, or unless the Commission affirmatively finds for reasons set forth in the decision that the public interest requires that the grant remain in effect, in which event the Commission shall authorize the applicant to utilize the facilities or authorization in question pending the Commission's decision after hearing.

(d) Such station licenses as the Commission may grant shall be in such general form as it may prescribe, but each license shall contain, in addition to other provisions, a statement of the fol lowing conditions to which such license shall be subject: (1) The station license shall not vest in the licensee any right to operate the station nor any right in the use of the frequencies designated in the license beyond the term thereof nor in any other manner any right in the use of the frequencies designated in the license beyond the term thereof nor in any other manner than authorized therein; (2) neither the license nor the right granted thereunder shall be assigned or otherwise transferred in violation of this Act; (3) every license issued under this Act shall be subject in terms to the right of use or control conferred by section 606 hereof.

This Sec. 309 was amended to read as above by the Communications Act Amendments, 1952, by Public No. 320, 83d Congress 2d Session, approved March 26, 1954, 66 Stat. 715, and by Public No. 391, 84th Congress 2d Session, approved Jan. 20, 1956, 70 Stat. 3.

Subsection (c) was amended to read as above by Public No. 391, 84th Congress, 2d Sess., Approved Jan. 20, 1956; 70 Stat. 3.

This subsection formerly read as follows:

(c) When any instrument of authorization, is granted by the Commission without a hearing as provided in subsection (a) hereof, such grant shall remain subject to protestant as herein after provided for a period of thirty days. During such thrity-day period any party in interest may file protest under oath directed to such grant and request a hearing on said applications so granted. Any protest so filed shall contain such allegations of fact as will show the protestant to be a party in interest and shall specifiy such particularity the facts, matters and things relied upon, but shall not include issues or allegations phrased generally. The Commission shall within thirty days from the date of the filing of such protest, enter findings as to whether such protest meets the foregoing requirements and if it so finds the application involved shall be set for hearing upon the issues set forth in said protest, together with such further specific issues if any, as may be prescribed by the Commission. In any hearing subsequently held upon such application all issues specified by the Commission shall be tried in the same manner provided in subsection (b) hereof, but with respect to all issues set forth in the protest and not specifically adopted by the Commission, both the burden of proceedings with the introduction of evidance and the burden of proof shall be upon the protestant. The hearing and determination of cases arising under his subsection shall be expedited by the Commission and pending hearing and decision the effective date of the Commission's action to which protest is made shall be postponed to the effective date of the Commission's decision after hearing unless the authorization involved is necessary to the maintenance or conduct of an existing service, in which event the Commission shall authorize the applicant to utilize the facilities or authorization in question pending the Commission's decision after hearing.

Subsection 309(i) was originally added by Public Law 97-35, 95 Stat. 357, 736-37, Aug. 13, 1981. Subsequently, subsection 309(i) was amended to read as above by Public Law 97-259, 96 Stat. 1087, 1094-95, Sept. 13, 1982, which made the following changes: in paragraph (iX1), inserted application" for "applicant" and inserted "that each such application is acceptable for filing" in lieu of "the qualifications of each such applicant under section 308(b)"; revised paragraphs (2) and (3); added paragraph (3)C); and amended paragraph (4XA) by substituting "date of the enactment of the Communications Technical Amendments Act of 1982" for "effective date of this subsection."

Subsection 309(i) formerly read as follows:

(X1) If there is more than one applicant for any initial license or construction permit which will involve any use of the electromagnetic spectrum, then the Commission, after determining the qualifications of each such applicant under section 308(b), shall have authority to grant such li cense or permit to a qualified applicant through the use of a system of random selection.

(2) The determination of the Commission under paragraph (1) with respect to the qualifications of applicants for an initial license or construction permit shall be made after notice and opportunity for a hearing, except that the provisions of section 409(c)(2) shall not apply in the case of any such determination.

(3XA) The Commission shall establish rules and procedures to ensure that, in the administration of any system of random selection under this subsection, groups or organizations, or members of groups or organizations which are underrepresented in the ownership of telecommunications facilities or properties will be granted significant preferences.

(B) The Commission shall have authority to require each qualified applicant seeking a significant preference under subparagraph (A) to submit to the Commission such information as may be necessary to enable the Commission to make a determination regarding whether such applicant shall be granted such preference. Such information shall be submitted in such form at such times, and in accordance with such procedures, as the Commission may require.

(4XA) The Commission not later than 180 days after the effective date of this subsection, shall, after notice and opportunity for hearing, prescribe rules establishing a system of random selection for use by the Commission under this subsection in any instance in which the Commission, in its Continued

tromagnetic spectrum, then the Commission, after determining that each such application is acceptable for filing, shall have authority to grant such license or permit to a qualified applicant through the use of a system of random selection.

(2) No license or construction permit shall be granted to an applicant selected pursuant to paragraph (1) unless the Commission determines the qualifications of such applicant pursuant to subsection (a) and section 308(b). When substantial and material questions of fact exist concerning such qualifications, the Commission shall conduct a hearing in order to make such determinations. For the purposes of making such determinations, the Commission may, by rule, and notwithstanding any other provision of law

(A) adopt procedures for the submission of all or part of the evidence in written form;

(B) delegate the function of presiding at the taking of written evidence to Commission employees other than administrative law judges; and

(C) omit the determination required by subsection (a) with respect to any application other than the one selected pursuant to paragraph (1).

(3)(A) The Commission shall establish rules and procedures to ensure that, in the administration of any system of random selection under this subsection used for granting licenses or construction permits for any media of mass communications, significant preferences will be granted to applicants or groups of applicants, the grant to which of the license or permit would increase the diversification of ownership of the media of mass communications. To further diversify the ownership of the media of mass communications, an additional significant preference shall be granted to any applicant controlled by a member or members of minority group. (B) The Commission shall have authority to require each qualified applicant seeking a significant preference under subparagraph (A) to submit to the Commission such information as may be necessary to enable the Commission to make a determination regarding whether such applicant shall be granted such preference. Such information shall be submitted in such form, at such times, and in accordance with such procedures, as the Commission may require. (C) For purposes of this paragraph:

(i) The term "media of mass communication" includes television, radio, cable television, multipoint distribution service, direct broadcast satellite service, and other services, the licensed facilities of

discretion, determines that such use is appropriate for the granting of any license or permit in accordance with paragaraph (1).

(B) The Commission shall have authority to amend such rules from time to time to the extent necessary to carry out the provisions of the subsection. Any such amendment shall be made after notice and opportunity for hearing.

Public Law 97-35, which added the original language of section 309(i), also stated in sec. 1242(b), at 95 Stat. 787:

The Commission shall have authority to use the system of random selection established by the Commission under section 309(1), of the Communications Act of 1934, as added in subsection (a) [of the statute], with respect to any application for an initial license or construction permit which will involve any use of the electromagnetic spectrum and which— (1) is filed with the Commission after the date of the enactment of this Act; or

(2) is pending before the Commission on such date of enactment but has not been designated for hearing on or before such date of enactment.

The Conference Report which accompanied Public Law 97-259 discusses section 309(i) and its implementation. H.R. Rep. No. 97-765, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. at 23-24, 37-49 (1982).

which may be substantially devoted toward providing programming or other information services within the editorial control of the li

censee.

(ii) The term "minority group" includes Blacks, Hispanics, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, and Pacific Islanders.

(4)A) The commission, not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of the Communications Technical Amendments Act of 1982,100 shall, after notice and opportunity for hearing, prescribe rules establishing a system of random selection for use by the Commission under this subsection in any instance in which the Commission, in its discretion, determines that such use is appropriate for the granting of any license or permit in accordance with paragraph (1).

(B) The Commission shall have authority to amend such rules from time to time to the extent necessary too carry out the provisions of this subsection. Any such amendment shall be made after notice and opportunity for hearing.

LIMITATION ON HOLDING AND TRANSFER OF LICENSES

SEC. 310. [47 U.S.C. 310] (a) The station license required under this Act shall not be granted to or held by any foreign government or the representative thereof.

(b) No broadcast or common carrier or aeronautical en route or aeronautical fixed radio station license shall be granted to or held by

(1) any alien or the representative of any alien;

(2) any corporation organized under the laws of any foreign government;

(3) any corporation of which any officer or director is an alien or of which more than one-fifth of the capital stock is owned of record or voted by aliens or their representatives or by a foreign government or representative thereof or by any corporation organized under the laws of a foreign country;

(4) any corporation directly or indirectly controlled by any other corporation of which any officer or more than one-fourth of the directors are aliens, or of which more than one-fourth of the capital stock is owned of record or voted by aliens, their representatives, or by a foreign government or representative thereof, or by any corporation organized under the laws of a foreign country, if the Commission finds that the public interest will be served by the refusal or revocation of such license. (c) In addition to amateur station licenses which the Commission may issue to aliens pursuant to this Act, the Commission may issue authorizations, under such conditions and terms as it may prescribe, to permit an alien licensed by his government as an amateur radio operator to operate his amateur radio station licensed by his government in the United States, its possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico provided there is in effect a bilateral agreement between the United States and the alien's government for such operation on a reciprocal basis by United States amateur

100 So in original. Probably should read "Communications Amendments Act of 1982," Public Law 97-259, 96 Stat. 1087, Sept. 13, 1982.