an inside dimension along the sides of 2 feet 10 inches. On the top of the derrick is placed a crown pulley over which the cable or drill rope plays, the end of the rope inside the derrick is attached to a string of tools which measures from 55 to 70 feet in length, and which weighs from 1900 pounds to 3400 pounds, the height of the derrick depending upon the length of the string of tools, and the length of the string of tools depending upon the size and depth of the well and the character of the strata drilled through. The other end of the rope is attached to a horizontal shaft upon which it is wound and unwound at will, the power being supplied by a 15 to 25 horse-power engine, through a leather belt which passes over a large wheel called the "bull" wheel, which itself is attached to the end of the horizontal shaft. Directly over the hole to be drilled is placed the walking-beam, which is generally 26 feet in length, and which rests near the centre on a heavy post 13 feet high, known as the "sampson" post. "Prior to the drilling process the tools are lowered into the upper part of the hole which has been dug out, and the rope to which the tools are attached is made fast to one end of the walking-beam. The walking-beam is operated the same as a similar beam on the common side-wheel river steamboats; this beam successively raises and drops the tools which pound the rock into fine fragments. When 5 feet depth of rock has been pounded up in this way, the tools are raised out of the hole and the broken débris is taken out of the hole by a bailer or sand-pump, which generally consists of a wrought-iron tube about 20 feet long. When the sand-pump is suspended it is closed at the bottom by a foot valve, and when it rests on the bottom of the hole the valve is opened. "The cost of drilling wells depends upon many varying circumstances; in some places in Ohio and Indiana, wells have been drilled 1000 feet deep for $1000. In the Pennsylvania oil regions the cost of drilling a well 2000 feet deep varies under ordinary circumstances from $3000 to $3500. The depth of wells depends upon the relative position of the surface of the ground to the oil and gas rock. The average depth of the Pennsylvania wells up to 1876 was about 900 feet; since that date, the Bradford sand in McKean County, and the Washington sand in Washington County have been explored at considerable depths, so that the average depth of the Pennsylvania wells which have been drilled since 1876 would probably be not far from 1600 feet." THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY, which is without doubt the largest company of its kind in the world, was organized in Ohio, in 1870, with a capital of $1,000,000. The original incorporators were John Rockefellar, of Cleveland, O.; his brother William, together with Henry M. Flagler and Oliver Paine. The business increased so greatly under their management, in the different states where their interests lay, that in 1882 the Standard Oil Trust Company Combination was organized. There were at the time several companies in as many different places: The Cleveland Standard Refinery; The Pittsburg Refinery; The Atlantic Refining Company of Philadelphia Chas. Pratt & Co.; but because of the disastrous history and condition of the business, and its hazardous nature, they entered into an alliance, forming the first great Trust Company, so called, in the United States. By their organization, an arrangement was entered into whereby the stockholders of the various corporations placed their stocks in the hands of certain trustees, and took in lieu thereof certificates showing each shareholder's equitable interest in all the stock so held. The stockholders thereby became interested in all the corporations connected with the Trust. See TRUST. The following table, compiled from the statistics of the Treasury department, shows the production and exportation of petroleum in the United States since 1883: 1890. 1891 1892 52,712,306 17,070,537 419,821,081 67,186,329 15,045,411 415,615,693 81,037,992 15,822,853 458,243,192 80,246,763 12,311,197 469,471,451 76,062,878 15,735,239 480,845,811 1,187,712,372 85,538,725 12,066,921 456,487,221 1,159,705,030 72,987,383 14,100,054 502,257,455 1,476,867,546 95,450,653 12,937,433 523,295,090 1,924,552,224 91,415,095 12,171,147 571,119,805 2,267,425,146 103,592,767 12,727,978 564,896,658 50,257,947 10,182,342 505,931,622 $44,913,079 50,199,844 46,824,915 47,042,409 49,913,677 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 30,162,522 664,068,170 51,403,089 33,514,730 709,819.439 52,026,734 33,591,076 715,365,819 2.121,383,712 111,703,508 17,304,005 642,239,816 | 32,432,857 804,221,230 2,033,331,972 121,926,349 15,555,754 730,368,626 | 40,190,577 908,252,314 2,072,469,622 2,431,279,032 44,805,992 42,142,058 41,499,806 111,285,264 14,801,224 714,859,144 43,418,942 884,502,082 46,600,082 890,458,994 62,383,403 OISE, a river of France, one of the chief affluents of the Seine, rises in the vicinity of Rocroy, in the n. of the department of Ardennes, and flows s. w., joining the Seine at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, after a course of 150 m., for the last 75 of which it is navigable. The fall of the river is very gradual, and its course is extremely sinuous. It is connected by canals with the Somme, the Sambre, and the Scheldt, and forms one of the chief commercial routes between Belgium and Paris. It becomes navigable at Chauny. OISE, a department in the n. of France, is bounded on the e. by the department of Aisne, and on the w. chiefly by that of Seine-Inférieure, which intervenes between it and the English channel. Area, 2,261 sq.m., of which two-thirds are in arable land; pop. '96, 404,511. The principal rivers are the Oise-from which the department derives its name and its tributaries the Aisne and Therain. The department is almost wholly included in the basin of the Oise; and as the course of that river indicates, the surfaceconsisting for the most part of extensive plains-has a general slope toward the s.w. Capital, Beauvais. OJE'DA, ALONSO DE, about 1468-1514; b. Spain; went to America with Columbus in 1492. He conducted an exploring expedition through Santo Domingo, and a second one through the Vega Real. In 1499 he left Spain at the head of a new expedition, in which Amerigo Vespucci joined him. On this voyage he discovered Venezuela, which he named. In 1501 he again set sail from Spain with Vespucci, and this time he discovered the gulf of Uraba. He went back to Spain in 1508, and, having been granted the territory of Nueva Andalucia, the modern Colombia, he brought over a colony of 300, one of whom was Francisco Pizarro. He laid the foundations of a town called San Sebastian on the gulf of Darien, and, going to Hispaniola soon after for supplies and re-enforcements, was imprisoned by the owner of the ship in which he sailed. Transported to Cuba, he spent some years in fighting the Indians. He finally returned to Hispaniola exhausted by hardships, and soon died there. OJIBWAYS, or CHIPPEWAS, a tribe of North American Indians of the Algonquin stock inhabiting the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the shores of lake Huron and lake Superior, with a rendezvous at La Pointe. They were discovered by the French about 1640, to which nation they were friendly, but continually at war with the Sioux. They were also allies of Pontiac, the great fighting chief of the Ottawas. When first discovered they were domiciled at Sault Ste. Marie, deriving the name of Sauteur from that place, by which they are still known to the Canadians. They have the customs of the Algonquins; they are brave and never knew defeat in their wars with the Foxes, Sioux, or Iroquois, their constant enemies. War had thinned their ranks, and in 1660 there were only 550 at the Sault. During the revolutionary war they were on the side of the British, but came over to the side of the colonists in 1785–89, turned against them subsequently and joined the Miamis, but again made peace in 1795. In 1805 they gave up nearly all their possessions as far e. as lake Erie. In the war of 1812 they were hostile, but in 1816 participated in the general treaty of the tribes, and in 1817 gave up all their lands in Ohio. In 1851 all but a few roving bands had been removed w. of the Mississippi and had ceded all their lands to the government except small reservations. The bands living near lake Superior and in Michigan are generally peaceable and industrious. Those w. of the Mississippi still have extensive tracts of land, amounting to more than 5,000,000 acres as established by treaties 1854-67. In 1872 the government owed them $750,000. In 1884 there were a few of this tribe in Canada, 9,500 in Michigan, 2,138 in Minnesota, and 3,592 in Wisconsin, and a small number living in other states. Where Protestant and Roman Catholic churches and schools have been established, they are well attended and with encouraging results, but there are still some who maintain belief in Kitchie Manitou, the great or good spirit, and Matchie Manitou, the evil spirit. Their priests are called medas. The principal occupation is making mats, and hunting and fishing; but many are cultivating farms with success. They speak the language of the Algonquins which is found in Eliot's Indian Bible, but in their use it is so intermixed with others that few original dialect forms remain. There are a dictionary and grammars by Bishop Baraga and the Rev. G. A. Belcourt, and treatises by Schoolcraft and others. A newspaper is printed in their language; and in 1851 George Copway, a native Ojibway wrote a Traditional History of the Ojibway Nation, and in 1861 Peter Jones of the same tribe was the author of a History of the Oijbway Indians. 0. K. In the colonial period of American history, the best tobacco and rum were imported from Aux Cayes, and hence Aux Cayes (pronounced O Kay) came to be a popular expression for general excellence. During the presidential campaign of Gen. Jackson against Henry Clay in 1832, the opponents of Jackson put into circulation a story to the effect that the General was accustomed to write as an endorsement upon official papers the letters O. K." to signify "oll korrect." This meaning has since that time attached itself to the letters in popular use. O'KA, an important commercial river of central Russia, the principal affluent of the Volga from the s., rises in the government of Orel, and flows in a generally n.e. direction. It joins the Volga at the city of Nijni-Novgorod. Its length is 962 miles. Its basin, estimated at 93,207 sq. m. in extent, comprises the richest and most fertile region of Russia. The principal towns on its banks are Orel, Serpukhov, Kaluga, Riazan, and Kolomna; the most important affluents are the rivers Moscow, Prona, and Tzna. The traffic on the Oka and its tributaries is immense, being estimated at 2,000,000 tons of corn, salt, metals, timber, etc. OKANOGAN, a co. in Washington, formed from the n. western part of Stevens co.. and organized 1888; 7258 sq. m.; pop. '90, 1467. It extends on the n. to the boundary line of the state. Its mineral resources are very great. Co. seat, Conconully. Oken. OKEECHO BEE, LAKE, s. of Brevard co., Fla., between De Soto co. and the Everglades; is about 40 m. in its greatest, and 25 m. in the shortest, diameter; about 1250 sq.m.; there are many inlets, of which the Kissimee river is the largest; the waters are drained off into the Everglades, but there is no outlet of any size. The region about is wild and made up of swamp and jungle., Alligators and poisonous snakes abound. O'KEEFE, JOHN, 1747-1833; b. Ireland; began to study painting when six years old with West, of the Royal Irish academy. At 16 he wrote a comedy, and at 18 a play of his was produced at Dublin. Soon after he joined a theatrical company, and wrote a number of small pieces, in which he appeared at his own benefits. His Tony Lumpkin in Town was produced at the Haymarket, London, in 1778, and gained for its author an English reputation. He settled in London, and though threatened with blindness, con, tinued to write for the stage. His dramatic pieces number 68, and of these 56 were played on the stage; and some of them, such as the operatic farces, The Highland Reel, and The Agreeable Surprise, and the farce Wild Oats, had an unusually long run. He stopped writing in 1798, when he had become almost totally blind. For some years afterward he was in straitened circumstances, till he was relieved by a pension from the crown. He published in 1826 Recollections of the Life of John O'Keefe, written by Himself. A collection of his pieces in verse was published in 1834 under the title of O'Keefe's Legacy to his Daughter. He was himself a Roman Catholic, but his son became a clergyman in the English church. His works are deficient in characterization and incident, and rough in diction, but full of broad humor and rollicking spirits. OKEFINO'KEE SWAMP, in Baker co., Florida, and Ware, Clinch, and Charlton counties, Ga. It touches the northern boundary of Florida, and consists of a series of swamps about 180 miles in circuit. It is filled with pools and islands, some overgrown with bay trees, others with vines and brush, and the waters teem with reptiles, lizards and alligators. OKEGHEM, also OCKENHEIM, JAN, an eminent Flemish musician, was born in Hainault, Belgium, about 1430. He went to France early in life, and held important civil offices. He practised his profession in France, Italy, and Austria, and was every where considered its highest ornament. Among his pupils were Pierre de la Rue, Josse Desprès, Gaspard, and Verbonnet. The invention of artificial counterpoint and of the canon have been incorrectly attributed to him. He died about 1495. and O'KELLY, JAMES, 1735-1826; of Irish birth; a noted pioneer preacher in the Methodist Episcopal church, and the leader in the first secession from it. He became a local preacher, and the people flocked to hear him. In 1778 he was admitted among the traveling ministers, and soon became prominent for earnestness and fervor. At the organization of the church in 1784 he was ordained as an elder. One of his contemporaries speaks of him as "laborious, zealous, given to prayer and fasting, hard against negro slavery in private and from the pulpit and press." His labors and influence were confined chiefly to the southern counties of Virginia and the border counties of North Carolina. In 1790 he began to show dislike to what he thought the growing power of bishop Asbury, and called on him privately to suspend his episcopal functions for one year, if he did not wish to be publicly opposed. As this menace produced no effect he made the movement in the conference of 1791 that resulted in the withdrawal of himself and a few others from the church. At first they called themselves the republican Methodists, but afterwards changed their name to the Christian church. This company was soon divided and subdivided until only a few broken societies remained. O'Kelly lived many years, witnessing through them the failure of his plans. He saw his followers forsaking him and returning to the church which they had left. But he clung to his convictions to the last. See METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH (Divisions). OKEN (originally OCKENFUSS), LORENZ, a celebrated German naturalist, was b. at Bohlsbach, in Würtemberg, Aug. 1, 1779. He studied at Würzburg and Göttingen; became extraordinary professor of medicine at Jena in 1807, where his lectures on natural philosophy, natural history, zoology, comparative anatomy, vegetable and animal physiology, attracted much notice. In 1812 he was appointed ordinary professor of natural science; and in 1817 commenced the publication of a journal partly scientific and partly political, called Isis, which continued to appear till 1848. The opinions promulgated in the Isis led to government interference, and Oken resigned his chair, and became a private tutor, devoting his leisure to the composition of works on natural history. In 1828 he obtained a professorship in the newly-established university of Munich, but in 1832 exchanged it for another at Zürich, where he died, Aug. 11, 1851. Oken aimed at constructing all knowledge à priori, and thus setting forth the system of nature in its universal relations. The two principal works in which this idea is developed are his Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie (Jena, 1808-11), and his Lehrbuch der Natur geschichte (3 vols. Leip. 1813-27). The former has been translated into English, and published by the Ray society under the title of Elements of Physio-philosophy. As Oken's philosophic system of nature was very peculiar, and quite unlike anything that had preceded it, Oken invented a nomenclature of his own, which, however, in many cases is forced and pretentious, composed for the most part of new-coined words, and difficult to remember. It therefore found little favor, and Oken was long regarded-particularly by French and English savans-as a mere dreamer and transcendental theorist; nor can Olbers. it be denied that he is largely such, infected with the worst vices of the school of Schelling, to which he belonged; but some of his "intuitions"-if we may so term his scientific suggestions-were remarkably felicitous, and in the hands of rigorous demonstrators, have led to great results. In his work Die Zeugung (On Generation, Bamb. 1805), he first suggested that all animals are built of vesicles or cells; in his Beitrage zur vergleichenden Zoologie, Anatomie und Physiologie (1806), he pointed out the origin of the intestines in the umbilical vesicle; and in the same year lighted accidentally upon the idea, since so prolific of results, that the bones of the skull are modified vertebræ. On account of this discovery he has been termed "the father of morphological science." That Oken, and not Göthe, was the original discoverer of the vertebral relations of the skull, has been conclusively shown by Owen, in a valuable notice of Oken in the Encyclopædia Britannica. OKHO'TSK, SEA OF, an extensive inlet of the n. Pacific ocean, on the e. coast of Russian Siberia. It is bounded on the n. by the wastes of Siberia, on the e. by the peninsula of Kamtchatka, and is partially inclosed by the Kurile islands on the s., and by the island of Sakhalin on the west. The river Amur and other rivers of Siberia enter it. Owing to its position, the sea of Okhotsk is unlikely ever to become the scene of much commerce, since its shores are frozen from November to April. On its northern shore, at the mouth of the Okhota-from which it derives its name-is the small seaport of Okhotsk. This town has been entirely superseded by the ports of Ayan and Nikolaevsk. OKLAHOMA, a territory of the United States, between lat. 34° and 37° n., long. 96° and 103° w.; bounded on the n. by Kansas and Colorado, on the e. by the Indian Territory, on the s. by the Indian Territory and Texas, on the w. by Texas and New Mexico; gross area, 39,030 sq. miles; land surface, 38,830 sq. miles, or 24,851,200 acres. It was originally a part of the Louisiana purchase, and afterward was included in the Indian Territory. In 1886 the U. S. government bought the treaty rights of the Indians to it; in 1889 it was thrown open to settlement; on May 2, 1890, the act of its organization as a territory was completed. Subsequent cessions of land were made by the Indians, and in 1893 the U. S. government bought the strip known as the Cherokee outlet, and opened it to settlement as a part of the area of the territory. The greater part of the territory is an upland prairie; the Cimarron, Canadian, and Red rivers, with their branches, water it, and the soil, similar to that of Kansas, is well adapted to agriculture, horticulture, and stock-raising. The average annual temperature is 58.4°; mean annual rainfall, 35 inches. The agricultural industry comprises the growing of wheat, corn, cotton, castor beans, oats, barley, sorghum, alfalfa, clover, timothy, flax, peanuts, and a large variety of fruit, and each crop yields abundantly. The territory is known to contain valuable minerals and building stones, as yet undeveloped, and tracts of walnut, hickory, oak, and other important timber. Educational provisions are very liberal. In 1896 there were 88,093 children of school age; the net proceeds from leasing school lands were nearly $72,000, and the apportionment to the counties aggregated nearly $54,000. There are a university of Oklahoma at Norman; agricultural and mechanical college at Stillwater; normal school at Edmond; Kingfisher college (Cong.) at Kingfisher; St. Joseph's academy (R. C.) at Guthrie; a number of denominational schools, and several commercial colleges. The insane are cared for in a private hospital at Norman, and convicts are confined in the Kansas penitentiary at Lansing. The Roman Catholic is the strongest denomination numerically, and after it the Baptist, Methodist Episcopal, Christian, Methodist Episcopal (South), Congregational, and Presbyterian. The number of churches reported in 1896 was 384, value $265,000, communicants, 33,457. The territory is well provided with national and other banks, railroads, telegraph, telephones, and sanitary authorities. The receipts and expenditures of the general fund are nearly equal, and the total indebtedness is less than one per cent. of the taxable property, which in 1896 was assessed at $24,815,711. Pop. '90, 61,834, including 5,538 in Greer co., claimed by Texas, but decided to belong to the U. S. in 1896; pop. '96, reported by the governor, 275,587. OKRA, or OCHRO. See HIBISCUS. OKTIBBEHA, a co. in n.e. central Mississippi, watered by the Noxubee and Oktibbeha rivers, traversed by a branch of the Mobile and Ohio railroad; about 460 sq. m.; pop. '90, 17,694, includ. colored. The surface is level and heavily wooded. The soil is fertile. OKUBO TOSHIMICHI, a Japanese statesman, b. in the province of Satsuma about 1830. As a member of the proudest of the Japanese clans, he was nurtured in the traditions of exclusivism and undying jealousy of and hatred towards the tycoons of Yedo. At the bombardment of Kagoshimi by the British fleet in 1864, he served in one of the batteries as a defender of the city. In 1868, having pushed forward the secret plans of the revolutionary coalition at Kioto, he precipitated the crisis of six hundred years, and stepped into the front rank of leaders in the new government. He urged the unfurling of the mikado's brocade banner which stamped the tycoon as a traitor. He startled even the new government by urging the removal of the capital from Kioto to Yedo, the abandonment of the habits of excessive reverence to the sovereign, and his entrance into public life as the active ruler of his people. Such was the lively effect of Okubo's memorial, that within one month the mikado publicly took the oath on which the government of New Japan is built. The national capital was changed to Yedo, now called |