the Ogobai corresponds with the heaviest rainfall, which takes place in March and April, and again in October and November. Inland, rain is more frequent than at the coast. The Ogobai seems to gather most of its volume from lands comparatively near the coast, and not to depend greatly on more remote tributaries.

OGY GES, the earliest king of Attica and Boeotia named in Greek legend. In his time (according to Larcher, about 1759 B.C.) a great flood took place, called the Ogygian flood, which desolated all the lower districts of both countries, and destroyed their inhabitants. The different legends lead to the supposition that under Ogyges an Egyptian colony came to Boeotia, and thence to Attica. From him Boeotia took the name of Ogygia.

OGY'GIA, a mythical island supposed to have been inhabited by Calypso (q.v.), and located by Homer (q.v.) in the navel or central part of the sea, away from all lands. Later writers place it in the Ionian Sea, near the promontory Lacinium in Bruttium.

OHIO, an e. central state and the 4th in order of admission under the constitution; between lat. 38° 27′ and 41° 57′ n.; long. 80° 34′ and 84° 50′ w.; bounded on the n. by Michigan and Lake Erie; on the e. by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, the Ohio river separating; on the s. by West Virginia and Kentucky, the Ohio river still intervening; on the w. by Indiana. Its lake shore is 230 m. long and the Ohio river bounds it for 436 m. It is nearly 210 m. long from n. to s. and 215 m. from e. to w. Its land area is 40,760 sq. m.; total area 41,060 sq. m., or 26,278,400 acres.

The ARMS of the state show a sheaf of wheat, and a bundle of seventeen arrows (in allusion to the number of states in the Union at the time of its admission) in the foreground; the background, a mountain range with a sunrise beyond. The motto is Imperium in Imperio-" an Empire within an Empire." For name and its derivation, see POPULAR NAMES OF STATES.

HISTORY.-Among prehistoric people inhabiting O. were the mound builders," religious, warlike, and superior to the tribes succeeding them. A large number of their works remain in the form of animal-shaped earthworks, embankments, and sacrificial or sepulchral mounds, as at Newark, Marietta, and Portsmouth, and in these have been found small altars of stone, double hammers, pearl beads, and ornaments or implements of copper and of meteoric iron. The principal Indian tribes of the O. country when it became known to the French were the Miamis, the Wyandots (a branch of the Hurons), the western division of the Shawnee nation, the Senecas, and some scattered bands of Delawares. The Iroquois, or Five Nations, to whom the Senecas belonged, claimed to have subdued all the territory between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, but the O. Indians repudiated their sway, and had, it appears, regained the lands from which they had once been driven. The treaty of Utrecht admitted the right of Great Britain to call the Iroquois her subjects, and the English based their claim to the n. w. territory on this pretended conquest of the Iroquois, as well as on the charter of James I. to Virginia and of Charles II. to Connecticut. Indeed, their traders had begun to compete with the French in the fur trade of the great lakes as early as 1684.

The French based their claim to the same territory on the discoveries of Joliet, Marquette, and La Salle, though in so far as the Ohio river is concerned there is no conclusive evidence that La Salle ever succeeded in visiting it. Traders established themselves on the Sandusky and Maumee, but no attempt was made to hold the country by colonization, if we except the little settlement at Sandusky; and the building of Fort Cadillac at Detroit in 1701 and the allegiance of most of the Indian tribes between lake Erie and the Ohio river practically gave France control of the debatable ground. Fearing this alliance between the French and the western Indians, the Iroquois, July 19, 1701, ceded the n. w. territory to the English, and again in 1726. Between 1720 and 1730 the Indian population of O. was increased by the arrival of Delawares and Shawnees from eastern Pennsylvania, the Delawares bringing with them some Moravian pastors. Trade between the O. Indians and the English colonies eastward followed, and the efforts of the French to shut out their rivals were impeded by an Indian revolt. In 1749 Maj. De Celoron led an expedition from Canada into O., won over or humbled the Indians, and built a fort on Sandusky bay. In 1753 another force, under the marquis Du Quesne, was sent to drive the English from the Ohio river; Fort Du Quesne was erected where Pittsburg now stands, and consequently O. formed a part of the French territory of Louisiana till 1763.

The conspiracy of Pontiac united the Indians of O., and not until they were defeated at Fort Pitt (Du Quesne) and afterwards forced into a treaty of peace by Col. Boquet's bold invasion of their country, 1764, was the opposition to British rule ended. Settlements beyond the Ohio had been forbidden by royal proclamation, but grants of lands s. of it were obtained by companies formed in Virginia and elsewhere, and the boundary line was ignored by the hunters and traders, who were naturally unwilling to stand by and see the French enriching themselves. In 1774 the "Quebec act" passed the English parliament, making the Mississippi and Ohio rivers the western and s. w. boundaries of Canada. During the American revolution the majority of the Indians sided with the British, but the Delawares were kept in a neutral attitude by the Moravians, who had established villages of Christian Indians on the Muskingum in 1772. These first settlements in O. were broken up in 1780 by base white men and the Indians they had incited; the peace ful missionaries and their converts were driven away, and in 1782, 96 who had returned

to gather the corn left in their fields were massacred by a band of whites. In 1780 two block-houses were built at Cincinnati. In 1782 New York relinquished her charter claim to the n. w. territory; in 1783 Virginia hers, obtaining, however, by compromise, a tract between the Scioto and Little Miami, which obtained the name of the Virginia military district. In 1785 Massachusetts yielded her claims, and in 1786 Connecticut hers, but gained in return for military services, like Virginia, the district known as the Western Reserve (q.v.). In 1785 the public lands w. of the Ohio river were surveyed by congress, and Fort Harmar was erected at the mouth of the Ohio and Muskingum. In 1786, Mar. 6, the "Ohio company of associates" was formed at Boston under direction of Gen. Rufus Putnam, its object being to buy lands for colonization. Other companies were formed, and by the agency of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, about 5,000,000 acres were granted by congress, 1,500,000 of which were secured by the Ohio company.

In 1787, July 13, congress passed the ordinance for the government of the territory n. w. of the Ohio," a statute known in history as the ordinance of 1787 (q.v.). This provided for the formation of not less than 3 nor more than 5 states out of this immense tract, and forbade slavery and involuntary servitude therein, otherwise than in punishment of crimes. In the winter of 1787-88, 2 companies of pioneers from Massachusetts, under Gen. Putnam, journeyed across the Pennsylvania mountains to the Youghiogheny river, where they built a galley, the Mayflower, and embarking, Apr. 1, sailed down the Ohio to the mouth of the Muskingum, where they founded Marietta, Apr. 8. On July 17 the government of the n.w. territory was installed, with Gen. St. Clair as governor; on the 26th, Washington co., comprising nearly half the present state, was established, and on Sept. 2d the first court was held. During 1788 another colony entered, from New Jersey, a large tract between the great and Little Miami rivers having been purchased by a land company headed by John Cleves Symmes. In 1789 their town was laid out; its first name, Losantiville, meaning "the town opposite the mouth of the Licking," soon giving place to that of Cincinnati.

In 1790 Gallipolis was founded by French emigrants, and during that same year the first colony from Virginia came in, and established Massieville, now Manchester. In 1791 an uprising of the Indians occurred, and on Nov. 4 a force under Gen. St. Clair was surprised by them and scattered with great slaughter. Instigated, it is believed, by the British, the savages continued to make trouble till 1794, Aug. 20, when Gen. Wayne defeated them at the battle of Fallen Timbers, and saved O. to the U. S. In 1795 a permanent peace was made, by which about two thirds of the present state was ceded to the whites.

In 1792 500,000 acres in the western part of the Western Reserve were set aside by Connecticut as a compensation to those of her citizens whose property had been destroyed by the British during the revolution. These became known as the " 'fire lands," or

sufferers' lands." The rest of the tract was sold to the Connecticut land company, and in 1796, July 4, the first settlement, Cleveland, was made. It was the intention to erect the western reserve into a separate state, but in 1800 Connecticut yielded her jurisdiction in favor of congress. Fear of the Indians checked emigration to O., and not until 1799 did the population amount to 5000, the number requisite to the establishment of a legislature. The emigration from New England, Kentucky, and Virginia was supplemented by that of Scotch, Irish, and others of German stock from Pennsylvania. On Sept. 23, 1799, the first legislature met at Cincinnati, and on the 25th chose William Henry Harrison as its delegate to congress. In 1800, May 7, Indiana territory was set off. Ŏn April 30, 1802, congress authorized the calling of a convention to establish a state government if deemed expedient. This met at Chillicothe, Nov. 1, and on the 29th adopted a constitution. It was not till Jan. 11, 1803, that elections for officers were held; the first general assembly met on Mar. 1, and on Oct. 17 the states senators and representatives Look their seats in congress. Several cities have been the seat of government; Chillicothe, 1800-10; Zanesville, 1810-12; Chillicothe, again, 1812-16; and, since 1816, Columbus. A minor incident in the early history of the state was the so-called conspiracy of Burr and Blennerhasset, the latter's flotilla having been built and equipped at Marietta. Northwestern O. was the scene of some stirring events during the war of 1812-15, and the young state furnished 3 regiments to aid in carrying it on. In 1813 Gen. Harrison erected Fort Meigs on the Maumee, and held it against two attacks of British and Indians under Gen. Proctor; Maj. Croghan made a brilliant defense of a rude fort on the Sandusky, and Lieut., afterwards Com. Perry, won in Put-in bay his victory over the British fleet.

In 1812 the first steamboat descended the Ohio River; in 1825-33 the Ohio and Erie and Maumee canals were constructed, and in 1842 the first railroad, between Cincinnati and Springfield, was opened. Free schools were established in 1826, and in 1842 the first regularly equipped public astronomical observatory in the U. S. was founded, at Cincinnati. In 1835 a heated but bloodless controversy, known as the Toledo war (q.v.), occurred with Michigan over the boundary line, and involving the ownership of Toledo. The state sent 5536 troops into the Mexican war. On the outbreak of the civil war the senate, with but one dissenting voice, and the legislature unanimously, appropriated $1,000,000 for war purposes. Of 313,180 troops furnished, 5092 were colored, and about 8000 only were drafted. The bounties paid amounted to $23,557,373. Southern O. was much exposed, and Cincinnati, where "southern sympathizers" were numerous, was twice put under

martial law. In 1862 the defeat of Gen. Bragg in Kentucky lessened the danger of inva sion, and in 1863 Gen. Morgan, who had invaded O. by way of Indiana, was captured at New Lisbon. A large number of the most successful generals on the union side were from O. O. contests with Virginia for the honor of being called "the mother of presidents," five having been born on her soil.

TOPOGRAPHY.-Lake Erie on the n. is 573 ft. above the level of the sea. The Ohio river, which forms the entire s.e. and s. boundary of the state, descends from an elevation of a little less than 1000 ft. where it leaves Pennsylvania and strikes the e. line of O., and falls 600 ft. in the 436 m. of its course around the state to the Indiana line. The drainage divide of the state is about one-third of the distance from the n. to the s., so that about one-third of the state drains into the lake and two-thirds into the Ohio river. The summit level or dividing ridge runs from Trumbull co. in the n.e. to Mercer and Darke cos. in the s.w., with an average altitude of less than 600 ft. above the lake. The state has, therefore, a general plane of descent from the n.e. to s.w.; the exception being the n. w. cos., which rise on a gentle plane of ascent w. from the lake, into which they drain, through the Maumee river. The state has no mountains. Its greatest local elevation is in Logan co., near the middle of the western half of the state, 1337 ft. above the sea. The hilly or rolling surface of a large part of the Ohio river water-shed and the rounded bluffs that margin the large rivers are the remains of the great erosions by water of the original geologic plateaus. The Ohio river has worn its bed in many parts from 500 to 600 ft. below the hilly summits along its valley, and its tributaries have worn similar though less deep valleys. The main streams flowing into lake Erie, beginning at the e., are: the Cuyahoga river, emptying at Cleveland and forming its harbor; the Black river, 30 m. w.; the Vermilion, 12 m. farther; the Huron, 12 m. from it; the Sandusky, emptying into Sandusky bay; the Ottawa, emptying at Port Clinton; and the Maumee into Maumee bay. All of them have harbors at their mouths. Of these lake streams the Maumee drains much the largest country. The rivers flowing into the Ohio are the Muskingum, emptying at Marietta; the Hocking; the Sciota, having Portsmouth at its mouth; the Little Miami, emptying 6 m. above Cincinnati; and the Miami proper, or Big Miami, joining the Ohio about 20 m. below Cincinnati. All these river valleys are beautiful and fertile throughout, but growing richer in soil relatively from the e. westwardly; the two Miamis being the richest valleys on the Ohio slope; and the Maumee, the Portage, and the Sandusky, the streams flowing through the richest soils to the lake. The Ohio river, notwithstanding an average descent of fo ft. to the m., is navigable its entire distance along the state for steamers of considerable size at high stages of the water, and for barges at all stages. See OHIO RIVER.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.-The geological structure of the state is simple, and varies little from the horizontal. Its surface is an erosion of the paleozoic system. There is no show of granite at the surface in the state. The carboniferous, Devonian, and Silurian systems form the surface-rock geology of the state. The quaternary or drift deposits cover a large part of the state, the lowest or first of these being the unstratified blue clay known as bowlder clay; the later deposit a laminate clay called by geologists the Erie clay; and above that vegetable deposits of varied character. The formation of the quaternary deposits is believed to have been going on during remote periods, during which not only alterations of the surface of prior formations were going on by elevation and subsidence, but the climate was varying radically at different periods, the region being at one time under glacial action, and at another under a climate warmer than now. The bowlder blue clay is the deposit of the glacial period. The carboniferous system embraces about one-third of the state, beginning near Portsmouth on the Ohio river for its easterly line of outcrop, and taking a n.n.e. direction to near lake Erie; overlying the Devonian system which geologically forms the surface of the n.e. and n.w. portions of the state. The Cuyahoga shales, Berea grit, and other O. sandstones, from near the lake, belong to the Waverly or lowest group of the Devonian stratification. Limestone and conglomerate formations are shown in the outcrops of the w. parts of the state. The whole of the s.e. half is underlaid with the coal-bearing formations; and the geological surveys show seven distinct veins of coal of superior quality for domestic use or for making gas and smelting-iron. The aggregate thickness of the coal beds which are convenient to work upon is about 50 ft. The outcrop of the coal is along the margins of an irregular belt reaching from Mahoning co. in the n.e. to the Ohio river in the s.; the two extremities of the belt being the most prolific in coal easily quarried, and the beds in the Hocking river valley being considered the great vein coal region of O. The e. outcrop of the coal basin is seen along the Ohio river for hundreds of miles, where tunnels on the coal veins are run directly into the hills from the river slope. The most marked feature in the basic geology of O. is what Prof. J. S. Newberry terms the Cincinnati Arch, which he describes as "a great fold of the strata raised at the close of the lower Silurian age, when it formed two islands, one in Tennessee, the other in Kentucky and O., around which the more recent rocks were deposited on a sloping shore. In the coal-measure epoch, the Cincinnati Arch was apparently a land area throughout its entire length, its northern end being then as now its highest portion, and connected with the highlands of Canada," as shown "by the manner in which the coal-measure strata terminate on the western margin of the basin in Knox and Richland cos., where the coal-beds abut against pre-existent Waverly sandstone hills."