Saints, whose founder claimed to have dug the golden plates from which the Mormon Bible was printed from a hill near Palmyra; the Shakers, at Mount Lebanon; and the Hicksite Quakers on Long Island.

EDUCATION, ETC.-The Dutch West India Company agreed in its charter to provide schoolmasters as well as ministers, so that when the English came in 1664, they found several good schools. Under English rule the schools deteriorated. Popular education met with actual opposition from many of the governors, and nothing important was done by them until 1784, when the Regents of the University were incorporated, and placed in charge of the existing educational institutions. In 1789, each township assigned two lots of land for gospel and school purposes, and after this followed years of unsuccessful effort to establish public schools on a solid basis. In 1812, an act embodying the essential points of the present system passed the Legislature; under this a state superintendent was appointed, and a system capable of great development was begun. In 1854, this department was rendered still more effective by legislative enactment, and its steady, substantial progress since then has made it one of the best in the Union. The state superintendent supervises the public schools, teachers' examinations, training classes, and institutes; and apportions the public moneys, the deaf and dumb, blind, Indian, and Normal students to their proper places. Beside the State Normal College at Albany and the City Normal College in New York, there are ten state normal schools. There are over 12,000 school-houses in the state, beside nearly 300 academies and a great number of private schools; and yet, owing to the constant influx of foreigners, over five per cent. of the population cannot read or write. The school population, 1896, was over 1,650,000; enrollment, over 1,175,000. In 1894 a law was passed providing for compulsory education. The interests of higher education are under the University of the State of New York, a supervisory and administrative institution, which includes all incorporated institutions of academic and higher education. Its powers are vested in a board of nineteen elective regents and four others, ex officio. These attend to the incorporation and inspection of all higher institutions of learning, distribute state funds for their use, establish examinations and confer certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Among the many colleges of national repute are Columbia, New York; Union, Schenectady; Cornell, Ithaca; Colgate, Hamilton; Hamilton, Clinton; Syracuse University; University of Rochester; Hobart, Geneva; St. Stephen's, Annandale; St. Lawrence, Canton; and the Catholic colleges of Manhattan, St. Francis Xavier and St. John's, New York city. For women there are Vassar, Poughkeepsie; Barnard, New York; and several others. All the leading religious denominations have prominent theological seminaries, numbering thirteen in the state; there are fourteen medical, seven law, two dental, four pharmaceutical and seven scientific schools. The oldest newspaper of the state was the New York Gazette, founded in 1825; the first daily was the New York Journal and Register, founded 1788. The oldest of the present papers is the Evening Post, established in 1801. There are over 2,000 publications in the state, many of them having a world-wide circulation. New York leads all other states in her interests in library matters. In 1838 the legislature voted $55,000 to be paid annually from the United States deposit fund, for the establishment of the district library system. The number of volumes reported increased annually until the maximum of 1,604,210 was reached in 1853, then steadily decreased until 1883, when only 701,000 were reported. Interest was then revived, and the legislature enacted that the library system be turned over to the regents to become a part of the state library. Their work has been remarkably successful. The state library has been reorganized; a subsidy law passed for the encouragement of local libraries; a library school started for training librarians, cataloguers, etc. (see LIBRARY ECONOMY, SCHOOL OF); a system of traveling libraries established, and a library association formed. The New York Society library, founded in 1700, claims to be the first founded in the state. Columbia University library, founded in 1754, has over 220,000 volumes. Of 4026 libraries of 1000 volumes each and upward reported for the United States, 1896, New York had 572 aggregating 5,251,000 volumes. The principal of these were the New York public library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden foundation; Mercantile; New York historical society; Apprentices; Y. M. C. A.; New York circulating; Brooklyn; the state; and those of the universities and colleges.

GOVERNMENT.—"The Dutch political system made the judiciary supreme, and denied all arbitrary power, either in people or parliaments, in civil rulers or religious teachers, and sought to fortify the people against its exercise. Thus the feudal shell of Dutch government inclosed the seed of liberty, ready in fullness of time to germinate in most perfect form." A government was actually established for the first in New Netherland in 1624, after the arrival of a party of Walloons sent out by the Dutch West India company, under the direction of Capt. Cornelis Jacobsen May, who preceded Minuits as director. In 1629 the manorial system was introduced, the patroons being invested with the authority of feudal barons, but no political or judicial changes could be introduced without consent of the home government. In 1638 and 1640 the privileges of the patroons were materially restricted and those of free settlers enlarged. Whenever the people settled in sufficient numbers, the company was obliged to give them local government, the officers of which were to be designated by the director and council, in accordance with the custom in the Netherland. But although by the plan of government "no other religion was to be publicly tolerated or allowed in New Netherland, save that then taught and exercised by

authority of the Reformed Church in the united provinces," this provision was a dead letter. English colonists were already settled on Gardner's Island, and at Southampton and Southold, at the eastern extremity of Long Island (1639–40), and others in Westches ter and at Gravenzande. On the outbreak of the Indian war in 1641, Director Kieft invited all the masters and heads of families of New Amsterdam and its vicinity to assemble in the fort on a given day, this being the first official recognition of the existence of the people in New Netherland. When these freemen convened, they gave their opin ion on the questions before them, and then appointed 12 men to continue to represent 'their interests; but when the men proceeded to demand certain reforms of government, they were reminded by the director that they had only been appointed to consider the Indian troubles. They were again called together in 1643, when larger liberties were accorded them, and finally 8 men were elected by the director, who became an actual representative body. Gov. Stuyvesant continued this plan, by appointing 9 men, who were "tribunes of the people, to hold weekly courts of arbitration, and advise the director and council. Troubles afterwards grew out of the demands of the tribunes for a burgher government, and these were referred to the states-general for decision, and a more liberal form of government was ordered, to which order Stuyvesant paid no attention. The Dutch governor continued to oppose the efforts of the people for greater liberty, until his forced surrender to the English cut short his prerogative. Under Nicolls and Andros, the people of New York found themselves in a worse position than under the Dutch governors, but Gov. Dongan convened the first general assembly of the colony, which passed the act entitled " Charter of Liberties and Privileges granted by His Royal Highness to the Inhabitants of New York and its Dependencies," and by which legisla tive power was granted to the colony. James II. abolished this general assembly, and endeavored to unite all the colonies as the dominion of New England, under Gov. Andros. William and Mary revived the general assembly, and granted to the people of N. Y. a certain degree of freedom; but the struggle between the colonists and the crown continued until the final revolution in all the colonies resulted in the expulsion of English authority. The provincial convention which met in N. Y. on April 20, 1775, was the first organized body in the colony after the overthrow of royal authority, the latter having been declared to have come to an end in the colony on April 19. The first constitution of the state of N. Y. was adopted April 20, 1777. The articles of confederation of the Continental Congress were ratified by the state March 1, 1781. The constitution of the U. S. was ratified by the state, July 26, 1788.

The present executive government comprises a governor, receiving a salary of $10,000 and house, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, comptroller, treasurer, attorneygeneral, state engineer and surveyor, superintendent of the bank department, superintendent of the insurance department, superintendent of public instruction, auditor of the canal department, superintendent of state prisons, superintendent of public works, besides the governor's staff, and various boards and commissions for charity, lunacy, quarantine, etc. The legislative branch of the state government includes a senate and assembly; the senate consists of 32 members, elected in November of every alternate year (odd numbered), holding their offices for two years from the first of January next succeeding. The senators receive an annual salary of $1500, and also $1 for each ten miles of travel in going to or returning from the place of meeting once in each session. Ten dollars per day in addition is allowed when the senate alone is convened in extraordinary session, or when acting as a court for the trial of impeachments. The lieutenant-governor is co officio president of the senate. The assembly consists of 128 members, elected annually by single districts. Each co. has at least one member. They receive the same compensation as senators. Their officers are chosen at the opening of the session. The state is represented in Congress by two United States senators and thirty-four members in the house of representatives. To be a voter, a person must have been a citizen for 90 days, a resident of the state for one year, of the county, four months, and of the town or precinct, thirty days. The registration of voters is required in all cities and in all incorporated villages of over 7000 inhabitants. New ballot laws based on the Australian system were adopted in 1890. No person convicted of a felony

can vote.

Albany, the capital, founded by the Dutch as Fort Orange in 1624, is the oldest incorporated city in the United States, its charter dating from 1686. The state capitol is an imposing structure, built of Maine granite, in the Renaissance style of architecture, with doine-capped tower 320 feet high; it covers three acres, and is certainly the most pretentious building in the U. S., and with the exception of the capitol at Washington, and public building at Philadelphia, is the largest. See ALBANY.

LAWS, ETC.-Since 1848 married women have had separate rights to real and personal property. A married woman may carry on business, and may sue or be sued on her own account. A husband may convey directly to his wife, and a wife to her husband. Absolute divorce is granted for one cause only, adultery. Women may practise law on the same terms as men. No minor under 18 years of age, and no woman under 21, shall be employed at labor in any manufacturing establishment for a longer period than 60 hours in any one week, and no child under 13 shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment. A prohibitory liquor law was passed in 1855, but subsequently was declared unconstitutional by the United States supreme court, and a license law was enacted in

1857, by which the selling of liquors to Indians, minors, and habitual drunkards is prohibited. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Any rate is legal upon call loans of $5000 or upward, on collateral security. With that exception, six per cent. is the only rate. The penalty for usury is forfeiture of principal and interest, with grace. There is a state board of mediation and arbitration for amicable adjustment of labor disputes between employers and employés.

The National Guard consists of over 850 commissioned officers and over 12,500 enlisted men, the total authorized strength being 15,000 officers and men, and the annual cost over $450,000. The number of men in the state liable to military duty is nearly 950,000, of whom 500,000 are officially reported as effectives. A State camp of instruction was established at Peekskill in 1882, and the various regiments, companies, etc., make annual encampments there under strict military discipline. Great proficiency in marksmanship has been acquired by practice at the rifle ranges. The naval reserve comprises battalions in New York city and Brooklyn, made up of merchants and professional men, and two separate divisions at Rochester. This force is already a highly important factor in the future defense of the country, and in their annual drills have done admirable work on board the cruisers provided by the United States navy department.

The NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS in New York are among the most important in the country. The West Point military academy, established in 1802, is one of the most interesting. The post covers about 2400 acres among the Highlands on the Hudson, and commands one of the finest river sites in the world. Objects of interest are: the old forts; the old furnace used during the Revolution for casting cannon for the continental army; Bloody Pond, said to be guarded still by the ghosts of Hessian soldiers; and trophies of various wars. The navy yard in Brooklyn is the principal naval station of the Union; it occupies 100 acres, with numberless foundries, workshops, etc., and two dry-docks. Its museum contains many interesting collections. The United States arsenal, founded at West Troy in 1814, covers 105 acres, and has forty buildings, including the great gun factory for the national army. The engineer school of application at Willet's Point provides practical instruction for engineer officers, and torpedo practice for artillery officers. David's island is the recruiting station for the army in the east. The various islands in New York harbor are all national property, of which Governor's island, a prominent military post; Ellis, with its Barge office, where threefourths of the immigrants land, and Bedloe, with its statue of Liberty, are the chief. There are also about a dozen forts in and around the harbor for the defense of the city. Besides these, the government has forts at Buffalo, Niagara, Oswego, Rouse's Point, and Plattsburg. Sackett's Harbor is the principal naval station on Lake Ontario. Places of historical interest are also scattered throughout the state. Among these a few are the André monument at Tarrytown, also the old church built in 1699 of bricks brought from Holland; Sunnyside, the home of Irving, covered with ivy grown from a slip given him by Sir Walter Scott; the old Hasbrouck mansion, better known as Washington's headquarters at Newburg; the fortress built by the British at Crown Point in 1759; and the numerous old manor houses.

The prisons of the state are at Clinton, Auburn, and Sing Sing, the one at Auburn having separate buildings for women. There are also six penitentiaries, not to mention county jails, houses of refuge, etc. The state reformatory is at Elmira. In 1888 death by electricity was substituted for hanging as a penalty for murder.

The electoral votes have been cast as follows: 1792, Washington and Clinton, 12; 1796, Adams and Pinckney, 12; 1800, Jefferson and Burr, 12; 1804, Jefferson and Clinton, 19; 1808, Madison and Clinton, 13; 1812, Clinton and Ingersoll, 29; 1816, Monroe and Tompkins, 29; 1820, same; 1824, Adams, 26; Calhoun, 29; 1828, Jackson and Calhoun, 42; 1832, Jackson and Van Buren, 42; 1836, Van Buren and Johnson, 42; 1840, Harrison and Tyler, 42; 1844, Polk and Dallas, 36; 1848, Taylor and Fillmore, 36; 1852, Pierce and King, 35; 1856, Fremont and Dayton, 35; 1860, Lincoln and Hamlin, 35; 1864, Lincoln and Johnson, 33; 1868, Seymour and Blair, 33; 1872, Grant and Colfax, 35; 1876, Tilden and Hendricks, 35; 1880, Garfield and Arthur, 35; 1884, Cleveland and Hendricks, 36; 1888, Harrison and Morton, 36; 1892, Cleveland and Stevenson, 36; 1896, McKinley and Hobart, 36.

FINANCES.-The state treasury receipts exceed $30,000,000 annually; the equalized value of real and personal property, 1896, was $4,368,712,903; amount of personal property not subject to taxation for state purposes, over $111,000,000. The state debt was practically extinguished in 1893, only $660 of old canal-stock then remaining, and the new canal bonds previously mentioned constitute the entire existing debt.

POPULATION.-The population of this state by the census of 1790 was 340,120; 1800, 589,051; 1810, 959,049; 1820, 1,372,812; 1830, 1,918,608; 1840, 2,428,021; 1850, 3,097,394; 1855, 3,466,212; 1860, 3,880,735; 1865, 3,831,777; 1870, 4,382,759; 1875, 4,705,208; 1880, 5,082,871; 1890, 5,997,853. There are sixty counties; for population of state by counties, see back of state map. There are (1897) 38 cities, the largest of which are New York, 1,515,391; Brooklyn, 806,343; Buffalo, 255,664; Rochester, 133,896; Albany, 94,923; Syracuse, 88,143; Troy, 60,956; Utica, 44,007; Binghamton, 35,005; Yonkers, 32,033; Elmira, 30,893; Long Island city, 30,506; Auburn, 25,858.

NEW YORK, co. N. Y. (See NEW YORK city.)

New York. ·

NEW YORK, the largest city and most important seaport in the United States, and the third city in size in the civilized world, is situated on the east side of the mouth of the Hudson river, at its confluence with the East river, a continuation of Long Island Sound, and at the head of New York bay, 18 miles from the ocean; lat. 40° 42′ 43′′ n. ; long. 74° 0′ 3"; 232 miles s. w. of Boston, 715 miles e. of Chicago, and 226 miles n.e. of Washington.

HISTORY.-The history of New York begins with the exploration of Henry Hudson in 1609. A few fur-traders soon settled on Manhattan Island, but the first permanent colonizing was made in 1624 by the West India Company of Holland. Peter Minuit, the first governor, bought the island from the Indians for sixty guilders, about 24 dollars The town was founded in 1623 and was called New Amsterdam. The population by 1660 amounted to nearly a thousand. The inhabitants established farms, carried on a flourishing fur trade, and defended the settlement by a stockade across the island on the line of the present Wall street, and a fort on the site of the Battery. Peter Stuyvesant, the last of the four Dutch governors, arrived in 1647. In 1664, in time of peace, Colonel Nicholls seized the town, and without resistance from its citizens it passed into the hands of the English, and the town was renamed New York, in honor of the Duke of York, to whom the whole province was granted by Charles II. In 1673 the town was surrendered to a Dutch squadron, but was held for a year only, when it was given up to the English by treaty. Sir Edmund Andros was the first English governor. After his overthrow in 1689, Leisler, the leader of the progressive party, usurped the government until 1691, when he was hanged for treason. For the next seventy-five years the affairs of the town and province were identical. In 1710 New York contained about 6000 inhabitants, mainly of Dutch, Huguenot, and English stock, and in this mixture of nationalities it differed widely from other colonial towns. At this time the negro slaves formed nearly half the population, and two risings of the slaves, in 1712 and 1741, were suppressed with great cruelty. In 1702 a free grammar school was opened; and the first newspaper in the city, the New York Gazette, was started in 1725. A few years later communication with Boston was furnished regularly by stages, making the trip in two weeks. A city library was founded in 1729, and a classical academy in 1732. Zenger's Weekly Journal was founded in 1733, and two years later Zenger was prosecuted for libel, and imprisoned-the first attack on free speech in the country. Zenger was acquitted, but the affair increased the spirit of independence. In 1765 the Stamp Act Congress met in New York, nine of the thirteen colonies being represented, and voted a Declaration of Rights; and blood was shed in 1770 (six weeks before the Boston Massacre) during a riot caused by the removal by the soldiers of the liberty-pole of the Sons of Liberty. In 1774 a ship loaded with tea was sent back to England, and the cargo of another was thrown overboard. The colonial assembly adjourned April 3d, 1775. The committee of safety took control of the city as soon as news of the battle of Lexington was received, and the governor retreated to a British man-of-war in the harbor. Delegates to the Continental Congress were chosen July 25th; in January, 1776, the city was occupied by militia, who were forced to withdraw on August 26th, and the British held the city of New York for seven years. The British troops evacuated the city November 25th, 1783. From January, 1785-1790, Congress met in New York, in the old City Hall, corner of Wall and Nassau streets, and here Washington was inaugurated, April 30th, 1789. In 1785 a manumission society was formed, and the Bank of New York was organized. More than 2000 persons died during an epidemic of yellow fever in 1789. In 1790 the population numbered 29,906, and the city limits were extended to the lower line of the present City Hall Park. In 1805 the population was 78,770, and since then the growth has been rapid, as immigra tion increased greatly after the war of 1812. The New York free school was incorporated in 1805. Robert Fulton made his first steamboat voyage to Albany in 1807; and that year the city was surveyed and laid out, substantially on its present plan. In 1812 a steam ferry to Long Island was opened, and gas was introduced in 1825. In Oct., 1835, the Erie Canal was opened, and the first boat arrived from Buffalo Nov. 11th. In 1832 an epidemic of cholera carried off 3500 persons, and another two years caused 1000 deaths. The great fire of 1835 occurred Dec. 16th, and destroyed the entire eastern side of the town below Wall Street, including about 648 stores, the merchants' exchange and the South Dutch Church, with a loss of $18,000,000. In 1837 a financial panic caused many failures, and general loss to the country, and great destitution and suffering in the city, which led to the Bread Riots of that year. Through this period riots were frequent; one of the most serious was the Astor Place riot of 1849, directed against Macready, the English actor, in which many of the mob were killed. Another riot took place in 1857, growing out of a conflict between two police organizations in the mayoralty of Fernando Wood, when the Seventh Regiment of militia was called out to protect the peace. The Croton Aqueduct was completed in 1842; the first city railroad was built in 1852, and on July 14th, 1853, the Crystal Palace Industrial Exhibition was opened with striking ceremonies. A second severe financial panic occurred in 1857, followed by the usual suspension of banks and business failures. From 1861-1865 the city was engaged in patriotic service in behalf of the Union, furnishing 116,382 troops, at a cost of $14,577,215. In July, 1863, occurred the riot caused by the enforcement of the military draft, lasting three days, during which business was sus