Newfoundland.

small quantities; also copper, nickel, lead, and iron. One rich copper mine is worked, though mining is still in its infancy here. Trees, of which the chief are pine and fir, birch, and willow, thrive only in the more fertile districts.

The fisheries are of two kinds-the "shore fishery" and the "bank fishery;" the former comprises the shores and bays of Newfoundland; the latter comprises a great tract known as the "banks" of Newfoundland, from 500 to 600 m. in length, and about 200 m. in breadth. The banks form the greatest submarine plateau known; the depth of the water is from 20 to 108 fathoms, and the most productive "ground" is said to extend between lat. 42° and 46° north. Great variety of valuable fish is found in the waters around the colony, as the cod, salmon, herring, etc. The principal articles of export are fish, comprising dry cod, herring, and salmon, cod-liver oil, copper and regulus, iron pyrites, asbestos, and lumber. The Labrador fisheries employ about 20,000 persons; the "banks" fisheries have steadily declined for several years; and the lobster fisheries are obtaining great importance. The imports are chiefly provisions, as bread, butter, tea, etc.-cordage and cables, and manufactured goods. The imports and exports for 1894 amounted in value to $7,164,738 and $5,811,169 respectively. The revenue of Newfoundland in 1894 was $1,641,035; and the public funded debt, $9,116,535. The registered shipping of the colony amounted to 108, 180 tons, in 2,339 vessels, and the vessels owned there exceeded 1,725.

The seal affords one of the most important fishing interests of Newfoundland. This industry may commence any day from Feb. 25th to March 5th, according to the winds -a n.e. wind blocking up the coast with ice, which the first strong westerly wind clears away. At the beginning of the present century, the seal-fishing was carried on with vessels of from 30 to 40 tons, manned by 8 or 10 men. Vessels of from 70 to 180 tons, manned by from 25 to 90 men, were substituted for these, the most suitable being vessels of from 120 to 140 tons. About 1866, steamers were introduced into the seal-fishing and they have proved very serviceable. In 1895 the industry employed 20 large steam vessels with 4,680 men, and the catch was 270,058. In proportion to the population of Newfoundland, its religious institutions are ample, while education is within reach of all classes, government grants to the district school being liberal.

The colony has a railway between St. John's and Placentia, 834 miles long; another between Whitbourne and Exploits, 200 miles long; and a third, 17 miles long-all of narrow gauge. Important extensions have been projected. There is regular steamship communication between the island and Canada and Liverpool, and St. John's, the capital, is in telegraphic connection with Canada, the United States, Europe, and all the important places on the island.

The early history of Newfoundland is involved in obscurity. It was discovered, June 24, 1497, in the reign of Henry VII., by John Cabot; and the event is noticed by the following entry in the accounts of the privy-purse expenditure: "1497, August 10, To hym that found the New Isle, £10." It was visited by the Portuguese navigator, Gaspar de Cortereal, in 1500; and within two years after that time, regular fisheries had been established on its shores by the Portuguese, Biscayans, and French. In 1578, 400 vessels, of which 50 were English, were engaged in the fishery. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, with his ill-fated expedition, arrived in St. John's harbor, August, 1583, and formally took possession of the island in the name of Queen Elizabeth. In the return voyage, the expedition was scattered by a storm, and the commander lost. In 1621, sir George Calvert (afterward lord Baltimore) settled in the great peninsula in the s.e., and named it the Province of Avalon. The history of the island during the 17th and part of the 18th centuries, is little more than a record of rivalries and feuds between the English and French fishermen; but by the treaty of Utrecht (1713), the island was ceded wholly to England; the French, however, retaining the privilege of fishing and drying their fish on certain portions of the coast. A governor was appointed in 1728. The present form

of government, established in 1855, consists of the governor, a legislative council (appointed by the crown), and a general assembly (elected by the people). The coast of Labrador on the mainland, and the island of Anticosti, have been included, since 1809, within the jurisdiction of the governor of Newfoundland. Cap. St. John's. Pop. '91, 29,007.

NEWFOUNDLAND DOG, one of the most sagacious and esteemed of the large kinds of dog. It is said to have been originally derived from Newfoundland, where it is used chiefly as a beast of draught, to convey light loads of wood or provisions, on sledges, over rugged tracks. Multitudes of these dogs, in St. John's and elsewhere, are left to shift for themselves during the fishing season; and are again called to service when required by their masters. There are several varieties of Newfoundland dogs, particularly a smooth breed, with rather small head, white and spotted with black, which seems now to be extinct; a very large breed, with broad muzzle, head raised, noble expression, waved or curly hair, very thick and bushy curled tail, black and white color; and a smaller almost black breed. Some of the breeds seem to be crossed with hounds and other dogs. The Newfoundland dog is remarkable for memory, and for patience and forbearance of temper. It is, however, apt to become irascible in confinement, and will then bite even its master. Some of the most interesting anecdotes of the affection and sagacity of the dog, relate to the Newfoundland dog. No dog excels it as a water-dog. Its paws are half-webbed. Its power of endurance in swimming is very great.

New Hampshire.

444

NEWGATE, a celebrated London prison, stands at the western extremity of Newgate street, opposite the Old Bailey. It is the chief criminal prison for the city and county. The exterior presents high dark stone walls, without windows, and with entrances from the side next the Old Bailey, in front of which public executions take place. The earliest prison here was in the portal of the new gate of the city, as early as 1218; and hence the name. About two centuries afterwards, it was rebuilt by the executors of sir Richard Whittington, whose statue with a cat stood in a niche, till its destruction by the great fire of London in 1666. 1780, the date of the erection of the present edifice, its condition was, in a sanitary point Shortly after it was reconstructed, from which time, till of view, horrible. Mr. Akerman, one of the keepers, in his evidence before the house of commons in 1770, stated, as a proof of this, that in the spring of 1750, the jail distemper, spreading to the adjoining sessions house, caused the death of two of the judges, the lord mayor, and several of the jury and others, to the number of 60 persons and upward." The place, however, is now kept in the cleanest possible condition. The cells for condemned prisoners are at the n.e. corner, next to Newgate street. Newgate Calendar contains biographical notices of the most notorious murderers, burgThe lars, thieves, and forgers who have been confined within its walls.

NEWGATE PRISON, a copper mine in Simsbury, Conn., which from 1773 to 1827, when the state prison at Wethersfield was completed, was used for the confinement of burglars, horse-stealers, counterfeiters and (during the revolution) of Tories. victs were employed in making nails out of iron brought from Canaan and Salisbury, in The condigging and smelting copper, and, after the suspension of mining, in making shoes and other articles.

NEW GRANADA. See COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC OF.

NEW GUINEA. See PAPUA.

NEW HAMPSHIRE, a New England state, and one of the original 13; between lat. 42° 40′ and 45° 18′ n.; long. 70° 37′ and 72° 37′ w.; bounded on the n. and n.n.w. by the province of Quebec, Canada; on the e. by Maine and the Atlantic ocean; on the s.s.e. and s. by Massachusetts, and on the w. by Vermont, the Connecticut river intervening. Length from n. to s., 180 m.; average breadth, 45 m.; greatest breadth, 100 m.; land area, 9005 sq. m.; gross area, 9305 sq. m., or 5,955,200 acres.

The ARMS of the state show a ship on the stocks flying American flags in the foreground; in the background, a sunburst. It is called "the Granite State.

HISTORY.-The first Europeans to visit this region were Martin Pring, who in 1603 sailed into the Piscataqua; Champlain, who discovered the Isles of Shoals in 1605, and. Capt. John Smith, in 1614. Gorges, to whom in 1622 all the territory between the Merrimac and Kennebec was After them came Capt. John Mason and Sir Ferdinand granted. They divided their patent, Masou taking the territory w. of the Piscataqua. The patentees and first immigrants were churchmen and royalists, and their settlements were Little Harbor (Rye), Dover, and Strawberry Bank (Portsmouth), all begun in 1623. In some of the early histories, the tract which Mason, a native of Hampshire, England, named N. H., is called Laconia, and in others, Piscataqua. In 1638 Exeter was settled, but troubles with the Indians, Mason's death in 1635, and the jealousy of Massachusetts, hindered the growth and peace of the settlements, and the claim of Massachusetts that nearly the whole of N. H. was within her charter limits was followed by the annexation of the latter, in 1641. In 1679, however, Charles II. made it a separate royal province, with a president and council appointed by the Crown, and an assembly chosen by the people. This plan was changed when Joseph Dudley became governor of New England, 1685; but there was a separate provincial government, 1692-1774. The settlements were gradually extended further w. than the original patent prescribed, and it was believed until 1764 that the territory at present included in Vermont formed part of the grant-a mistake that led to a vexatious controversy with New York, which lasted many years. In Dec., 1774, the fort at New Castle was captured by the friends of liberty; in 1776 the state declared its independence, and a temporary government was established that continued during the revolutionary war, in which its people were among the most active and noted participators. The state was represented in the continental congress, and ratified the constitution of the U. S. on June 21, 1788. At a convention in Oct., 1783, a constitution was prepared similar to that of Massachusetts. This was adopted in the following year and has been revised several times since. Portsmouth was the capital of the province; Concord became the state capital, 1805.

TOPOGRAPHY.-New Hampshire is a state of mountains and lakes, and widely celebrated for some of the most beautiful scenery in the world. The Appalachian range forms here a lofty plateau occupying most of the surface, to which belong the White Mts., covering an area of about 1400 sq. m., with peaks varying from 2000 to over 6000 ft. in height, headed by Mt. Washington, 6285.4 ft. Isolated peaks, such as Kearsarge and Monadnock, lie in the southern part of the state, and everywhere are found deep gorges or beautiful valleys. The average elevation of the state is 1200 ft. above the sea, and it inclines gradually toward the south. The Connecticut river rises in the extreme northeastern corner, in a group of beautiful small lakes, and runs southerly through a valley remarkable for its beauty and fertility. The Merrimac is the second river in size, and is noted for turning more mill-wheels than any other river in the world. The Piscataqua, on the southeastern boundary, is, in its lower course, a broad,