Navies.

But before the sixth and seventh were completed the author died. He was the author of several other lesser works, and a distinguished member of the Spanish academy.

NAVARRO, a co. in n.e. Texas, on the Trinity river; 1020 sq. m.; pop. '90, 26,373, includ. colored. The surface is undulating, with a large proportion of prairie. The chief productions are corn, cotton, and sweet potatoes. Cattle and pork are raised. It is drained by Chambers and Richland creeks, and is on the Houston and Texas Central and the St. Louis Southwestern railroads. Co. seat, Corsicana.

NAVARRO, MADAME ANTONIO. See ANDERSON, MARY ANTOINETTE.

NAVAS DE TOLOSO, an insignificant village in the province of Andalusia, Spain, about 39 miles north of Jaen, noteworthy only on account of a battle that took place here in 1212, between the king of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, aided by 100,000 crusaders, chiefly English and French, and an army of Moors under Mohammed Ibn Abdallah. The Christians were victorious. Here also, in 1812, a battle took place between the Spanish and French.

NAVASOTA, a city in Grimes co., Tex.; on the Navasota river near its confluence with the Brazos, and on the Houston and Texas Central and the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé railroads; 70 miles n.w. of Houston. It has several churches, a high school, two banks, and a number of large cotton warehouses. It manufactures wagons, flour, and cotton-seed oil. Two weekly papers are published. Pop. '90, 2997.

NAVASOTA, a river of Texas, rises in Limestone county, in the northeast central part of the state, and after a course of nearly 171 miles, joins the Brazos river near Washington. It forms the boundary between Robertson and Brazos counties on the right, and Leon, Madison, and Grimes counties on the left. The soil in its valley is very fertile. NAVE. See CHURCH.

NA VESINK (or NEVERSINK) HIGHLANDS, a chain of hills that form a bold headland along the coast of New Jersey on the border of Monmouth county. To ships approaching New York, they are important landmarks and located on them are two firstclass light-houses 53 ft. high, both of which show fixed white lights. Though the neighboring region is a beautiful one and only 20 m. from New York, it remains primitive and sparsely inhabited. It is now, however, coming into notice and drawing visitors.

NA'VEW (Fr. navette), a garden vegetable much cultivated in France and other parts of the continent of Europe, although little used in Britain. It is by some botanists regarded as a cultivated variety of Brassica napus, or rape (q.v.), whilst others refer it to B. campestris, sometimes called wild navew, the species which is also supposed to be the original of the Swedish turnip (q.v.). The part used is the swollen root, which is rather like a carrot in shape. Its color is white. Its flavor is much stronger than that of the turnip. It succeeds best in a dry light soil. The seed is sown in spring, and the plants thinned out to 5 in. apart.

NAVEZ, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH, 1787-1869; b. Belgium; studied art in Brussels and Ghent and in Paris was a pupil of the great painter David. After finishing his studies he resided in Brussels till his death, and became director of the Fine Arts Academy. His works almost all represent biblical scenes such as: "The Prophet Samuel," "The Ascension of the Virgin,' Hagar in the Desert," and "Meeting of Isaac and Rebecca."

NAVICULA (Lat. a little ship), a genus of Diatomacea (q.v.), receiving its name from the resemblance of its form to that of a boat. Some of the species are very common.

NAVICULAR DISEASE, in the horse, consists in strain of the strong flexor tendon of the foot, at the point within the hollow of the fetlock, where it passes over the navicular bone. It is most common amongst the lighter sorts of horses, and especially where they have upright pasterns, out-turned toes, and early severe work on hard roads. It soon gives rise to a short tripping yet cautious gait, undue wear of the toe of the shoe, wasting of the muscles of the shoulder, and projecting or "pointing" of the affected limb whilst standing. When early noticed, and in horses with well-formed legs, it is often curable; but when of several weeks standing, it leads to so much inflammation and destruction of the tendon and adjoining parts, that soundness and fitness for fast work are again impossible. Rest should at once be given, the shoe removed, the toc shortened, and the foot placed in a large, soft, hot poultice, changed every few hours. Laxative medicine and bran mashes should be ordered, and a soft bed made with old short litter. After a few days, and when the heat and tenderness abate, cold applications should supersede the hot; and, after another week, a blister may be applied round the coronet, and the animal placed for two months in a good yard or in a grass field, if the ground be soft and moist; or, if sufficiently strong, at slow farm-work on soft land. Division of the nerve going to the foot removes sensation, and consequently lameness; and hence is useful in relieving animals intended for breeding purposes or for slow work. The operation, however, is not to be recommended where fast work is required; for the animal, insensible to pain, uses the limb as if nothing were amiss, and the disease rapidly becomes

worse.

NAVIES, ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL. The ancient method of naval warfare consisted in great part, in the driving of beaked vessels against each other: and therefore skill and celerity in maneuvering, so as to strike the enemy at the greatest disadvantage, were of the utmost importance. The victory thus usually remained with the best sailor. This mode of conflict has been attempted to be revived at the present time, and vessels called "steamrams" are specially constructed for this species of conflict. The earliest powers having efficient fleets appear to have been the Phenicians, Carthaginians, Persians, and Greeks; the Greeks had fleets as early as the beginning of the 7th c. B. C.-the first sea-fight on record being that between the Corinthians and their colonists of Corcyra, 664 B.C. The earliest great battle in which tactics appear to have distinctly been opposed to superior force, and with success, was that of Salamis (480 B.C.), where Themistocles taking advantage of the narrows, forced the Persian fleet of Xerxes to combat in such a manner, that their line of battle but little exceeded in length the line of the much inferior Athenian fleet. The Peloponnesian war, where "Greek met Greek," tended much to develop the art of naval warfare. But the destruction of the Athenian marine power in the Syracusan expedition of 414 B.C., left Carthage mistress of the Mediterranean. The Roman power, however, gradually asserted itself, and after two centuries, became omnipotent by the destruction of Carthage. For several following centuries, the only sea-fights were occa sioned by the civil wars of the Romans. Towards the close of the empire, the system of fighting with pointed prows had been discontinued in favor of that which had always co-existed-viz., the running alongside, and boarding by armed men, with whom each vessel was overloaded. Onagers, balista, etc., were ultimately carried in the ships, and used as artillery; but they were little relied on, and it was usual, after a discharge of arrows and javelins, to come to close quarters. A sea fight was therefore a hand-tohand struggle on a floating base, in which the vanquished were almost certainly drowned or slain. See illus., ROME, Vol. XII.

The northern invaders of the empire, and subsequently the Moors, seem to have introduced swift-sailing galleys, warring in small squadrons and singly, and ravaging all civilized coasts for plunder and slaves. This-the break-up of the empire-was the era of piracy, when every nation, which had more to win than lose by freebooting, sent out its cruisers. Foremost for daring and seamanship were the Norsemen, who penetrated in every direction from the Bosporus to Newfoundland. Combination being the only security against these marauders, the mediæval navies gradually sprang up; the most conspicuous being-in the Mediterranean, those of Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Aragon; on the Atlantic sea-board, England and France. In the Mediterranean, Venice, after a long struggle with the Genoese, and subsequently with the Turks, became the great naval power. The Aragonese fleet gradually developed into the Spanish navy, which, by the epoch of Columbus, had a rival in that of Portugal. Many struggles left, in the 16th and 17th centuries, the principal naval power in the hands of the English, French, Dutch, Spaniards, and Portuguese. The present state of these and other existing navies will be briefly given under NAVIES, MODERN.

NAVIES, MODERN. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC in 1896 ranked third among South American states in respect to the importance of its navy. It had in that year 2 cruisers of the first class, 3 armored cruisers, 3 cruisers of the second class and 6 cruisers of the third class, besides 2 port defence armor-clads and 14 torpedo craft. Among the armored cruisers were the Almirante Brown, which was built in 1880. The other large battle-ships were the Nueve de Julio, launched in 1892, the torpedo boat Aurora and the cruiser rams, Libertad and Independencia.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY in 1896 had 1 battleship of the first class, 5 of the second and 2 of the third; 31 cruisers, and 67 torpedo craft. The navy is mainly occupied in coast defence. It is well manned and equipped, and is under the administration of the naval department of the Ministry of War. It includes a flotilla of monitors for the Danube river. Among the most powerful vessels in the Austrian navy are the Budapest, the Monarch and the Wien. A large armored cruiser, the Maria Teresa, was planned in 1896, and in that year it was proposed to strengthen the Danube flotilla by the addition of a number of monitors, now that the obstacles to the navigation of the lower Danube have been removed. Besides the headquarters of the fleet at Pola, there are several other establishments on the Dalmatian coast. The personnel of the Austrian navy is not numerous. On a peace footing in 1895 it consisted of 628 officers and cadets, 448 petty officers, etc., 7500 sailors and 4500 marines.

BELGIUM. The coast of Belgium is only 42 miles in length and the country has no navy, properly so called, but there are some steam vessels, principally employed as packets, which are under the orders of the government, and all of which would be found useful under certain conditions of naval warfare.

BRAZIL has a considerable navy, including in 1896 a battleship of the second class, 7 port defence armor-clads of which 5 were river monitors, a cruiser of the first class, 4 cruisers of the second class and 9 of the third class. There were also 14 torpedo craft and a number of small vedette craft, and in 1896 a plan was entered upon for increasing the navy. There was a revolt of the fleet under Admiral De Mello in September, 1893. The insurrection was unsuccessful, and came to an end in March, 1894. There were in 1896 5 naval arsenals, at Rio de Janeiro, Para, Pernambuco, Bahia and Ladrio de Matto Grosso.

BULGARIA. This principality has a nucleus of naval force in a flotilla consisting of

the Prince's yacht, 3 steamships of fair size and 7 small steamboats. In 1896 there were 2 armored gunboats in process of construction at Leghorn.

CHILE has an armored fleet of 4 iron-clads, 5 deck-protected cruisers, several gunboats and a protected flotilla. In 1896 there was a cruiser of the first class launched and another in process of construction in France. A famous vessel of the Chileans is the Capitan Prat, which has a high speed and a powerful armament with guns worked either by hand or by electricity. The cruiser Esmeralda is also a very powerful vessel, being steel-built, sheathed and coppered and ing a six-inch armor belt. She has a steel deck two inches in thickness, beneath which are the machinery, the magazines and the steering apparatus.

CHINA. During the war between Japan and China, the naval strength of the latter country was found to be far inferior to what had been supposed. Though the seamen were brave, the usefulness of the navy was destroyed through the inefficiency and corruption of the officers, and its harmonious action was impaired by the provincial system of its organization. During the war it remained in Chinese waters and rendered no important services. At the very beginning of the hostilities, a Chinese transport was sunk in an engagement with the Japanese, and a small cruiser was driven ashore. In the battle of the Yalu, or as a result of that action, 1 armor-clad and 4 cruisers were sunk or burned. In 1896 the Chinese could not be said to have a really effective navy. The fleet consists of different squadrons raised and supported by the provinces. In 1896 the naval strength was as follows: 7 second class cruisers, 4 third class cruisers and 34 torpedo craft.

DENMARK. The Danish navy is not large and is maintained chiefly for coast defence. In 1896 it consisted of 1 battle ship, 3 port defence ships, 3 armored cruisers of the first class, 1 of the second class, 16 of the third class, 12 torpedo boats of the first, 2 of the third class and some of smaller size. One of the most remarkable vessels was the Tordenskjold, which was without side armor but carried the largest gun in the navy. During the year important naval improvements were voted, such as the equipment of vessels with Maxim and marine guns, and the commissioning of an improved training squadron.

EGYPT formerly had a small navy, but in 1896 possessed no effective war ships. ENGLAND has a navy that is easily the first in the world, and it does not fall far below the combined naval strength of any two other powers. It is under the control of the Board of Admiralty, consisting of the first Lord of the Admiralty, who is a member of the cabinet, and five other commissioners. The administration of the different departments is apportioned among the members of the board. The general direction is in the hands of the First Lord. The First Naval Lord gives his advice on questions of naval policy and strategy, the distribution of the fleet, discipline, courts-martial, etc. The responsibility for the maintenance of the personnel of the fleet, as well as for naval education and training, belongs to the Second Naval Lord, while the Third Naval Lord has charge of such matters as buildings and repairs, machinery, dock-yards, purchase and disposal of ships, etc. Questions of pay, of coaling, prize-money, pensions, uniforms, hospital, medical, victualing services, etc., come under the supervision of the Junior Naval Lord. The Civil Lord is responsible for the works department. Since 1889 great additions have been made to the fleet. The Naval Defence Act of that year provided for the construction of 70 vessels, comprising 10 first class battle ships, 9 first class cruisers, 29 second class cruisers, 4 third class cruisers, and 18 torpedo gunboats. All these vessels have been built and launched. A new programme was entered upon in 1896-7, calling for 5 battle ships, 4 first class cruisers, 3 second class cruisers, 6 third class cruisers and 28 torpedo boat destroyers. Besides these important additions to the navy, many old or disabled vessels were refitted in 1896-7. In the fall of 1896 there were 209 ships in commission in the British navy. Forty-six of these were armored vessels, 130 unarmored, 6 training ships, 27 flag ships, store ships, drill ships, etc. The battle ships launched in December, 1896, numbered 23 of the first, 5 of the second and 9 of the third class. The port defence ships numbered 23. The cruisers numbered 45 of the first, 54 of the second and 174 of the third class. The torpedo craft numbered 125 of the first, 4 of the second and 20 of the third class. Of the 10 new battle ships added to the navy in accordance with the Naval Defence Act of 1889, 7 are very powerful vessels of the type of the Royal Sovereign. In 1896 there were 9 battle ships of the Majestic type, which with the exception of the Italia and the Lepanto were the largest war ships then afloat, length being 390 ft. and displacement 14,900 tons. As to the personnel, the total number of all ranks in 1896-7, including officers, seamen and marines, was 93,750. In that as in preceding years, the largest portion of the fleet engaged in foreign or particular service was stationed in the Mediterranean and Red seas. In 1897 there were 37 ships engaged in those services. Next in importance was the service off the coast of China, where 26 vessels were engaged. The Royal Marines are a military force trained to service in the fleet as well as on land. In 1897 it numbered 15,861. They are divided into two classes, artillery and light infantry, and are called into active service in cases of emergency. With the increase of the personnel of the navy in recent years, the question of a reserve has come up for discussion. It has been maintained that when the navy reaches a strength of 100,000 men in active service, all further additions should constitute a reserve rather than a permanent increase of the naval strength on a peace footing. This policy has been adopted, for, as the above figures show, the total strength of the active navy, including marines, was over $3,000 in 1896. According to the estimates of 1896-7 the naval reserve consisted of 25,800 officers and men. Eligibility to service in the naval reserve requires various qualifications in respect to age, physical