institutions of other countries; and, in particular, that they should examine how far the constitution of Norway, and its connexion with Sweden, may serve as a model for the new constitution of Ireland; that they should decribe the probable consequences which may be expected to result from a repeal of the Union, pointing out the dangers to be apprehended, and the means by which those dangers may be averted.

In these instructions, political problems, with impossible conditions, are offered for solution; inconsistent propositions required to be reconciled; a demand is made to discover analogies among contradictions, and to develop, in extenso, absurdities. They present a task well worthy of the genius of Byfoged Horneman and his fellow legislators, who altered, in about a month, the second-hand and cast-off constitution of Spain to suit Norway.

The prize essays may be regarded as one of the results of the repeal policy to create a public opinion in favour of separation, since it has been found that threats of force, however violent, and the assemblage of mobs, however large, are insufficient to dissolve the connexion. For this purpose, an educational course has been prepared. The novel, the history, the ballad, literature in every form, have been made subsidiary to this object. Falsehood is insinuated in the beautiful language of poetry; sedition inculcated in the seducing pages of romance. This policy has been eminently successful: the youthful mind of the middle classes, of the men who have time to read, but not the skill to reason, is in the state of rapidly being debauched; and we trust that those facts will form our apology to our readers for having obtruded the prize essays on their attention. Disease may be transmitted by contagion ; but there is no means of propagation of health; as is the physical, so is the moral nature of man; truth is the

slow remedial process of individuality; error, a wide-spreading epidemic among multitudes; nonsense repeated, may at last become disordered opinion; and even such arguments as those contained in the prize essays (if unanswered) might have a power to effect evil.

We will endeavour to examine, what we must in reverence to the memory of Chesterfield, term the arguments of the essayist, protesting, at the same time, vehemently-for we confess ourselves liable to contagionagainst any exception being taken to our consistency, should we, partially, deviate from this arrangement.

"Under domestic legislation," says Alderman Staunton, "the progress of the country (Ireland) was without example." Now, if this assertion be true, the following are its deducibles, viz. that the prosperity of a country is best promoted by the sternest tyranny; its advantages most quickly forwarded by the grossest ignorance; its wealth most rapidly developed by rendering industry penal; that persecution must be an invaluable instrument of government; and cruelty the best means of rule; for the Irish parliament, skilled in the science of oppression, employed all those devices. to dehumanise the great mass of the population it ruled. But, it may be alleged, that "the progress without example," is limited to the period which intervened between the era of Independence and the Union; now although, this sense of the passage will involve a most violent refraction of language, yet, in charity to Alderman Staunton's understanding, we must adopt it as his meaning. Is it true, then, that the prosperity of Ireland "progressed without example," between 1782 and 1800.

The following Abstracts of the Exports and Imports of Ireland, for thirty-six years before the Union, will aid the solution of the question :—

1777 32,609 43,000

1778 43,159|36,863

1779 17,371 31,359 10,569 5,931 145,540

35,614

15,447 1,023 420,584 268,358 2,100,419 4,852,197 1769 27,524 4,759 2,199 68,783 6,999 183,337 1770 26,805 35,514 43,532 86,776 1,854 437,437 319,167 1,640,791 5,445,942 7,024 183,245 96,153 82,596 125,321 3,686 408,011 231,731 2,035,388 5,012,979 1771 15,475 55,372 53,448 6,876 176,924 1772 19,500 22,360 12,163 7,782 188,260 70,629 47,754 2,904 374,144 218,958 1,973,731 5,525,840 782 310,025 198,810 1,704,557 5,231,714 10,306 6,972 2,861 10,664 201,199 149,981 1773 16,741 759 395,740 173,700 1,503,086 5,434,924 1774 22,608 189 4,104 9,080 171,347 59,659 23,465 28,902 1,600 356,133 120,483 1,322,506 3,949,740 1775 22,305 650 3,235 7,566 205,858 69,243 682 403,706 153,430 188,068 5,379,405 7,857 1776 21,617 7,547 26,292 8,907 238,476 118,879 3,457 15,928 193,258 103,418 36 479,996 137,474 1,480,232 3,916,409 69,838 226,434 144,438 1,234,502 3,619,687 2,477 12,365 139,816 44,486 206 180,705

5,239

6,968

1780 11,592 21,878 1,476

7,564 139,475

54,234

3,976

92,845

55,819

213,132 148,551 243,286 84,156

87,423 1,183,865 4,002,117 707,832 4,630,302

Bohea. Green. 659,847 347.840 4,131 836,241 294,245 3,399 1730 575,982 337,314 3,673 1'275 468,330 273.4323,080 1'5d4 548,855 290,363 3,6061819 812,355 395,409 4.297 1412 695,309 346.208 3.001 1'697 308,558 371.968 2,694 1827 359,475 344.7263,021 1626 336,740 479.1154 2.264 | 1614 402,594 375.269 1,512 1 016 501,227 383,621 1,683 2 099

1 739

1782 24,967 51,076

523 10,996 151,430

75,975

7,455

1785 15,054 25,844 37,626

1783 19,540 23,303 833 9,871 133,110 1784 14,074 31,173 49,206 10,164 187,583 104,191 4,638 182,529 104,950 109,876

429,428, 99,776, 142 385,958 51,831 555,878 109,650

15

80

321 432.547 | 69,921

1786 13,214 17,640

856

7,453 220,818 66,619

934

7,067 150,775 119,101 593 16,793 231,386 97,454 115 4,772 188,516 106,277 479 8,156 177,862 75,146 10 7,063 199,966 137,447 9,708 197,660 135,472

7291

394,457 347,080

1793 17,701 24,596

5,525 1,905 158,005 119,603

1794

1,731

3,322 190,722

1795

96,294

3,467 203,736

1,496

51,982 77,634 34,508 77,355 27,971 9,152 6,655 11,189 1,363 3,498

1799

3,237

85

2,373 224,788

8,603

324

1800

44,898 18,588

13,187 241,177

15,830

5,371

426,998 3,459,861 1,478,080 570.8381,588 2014 109,8074,124,860 1,228,290 564.763 1,666 2:247 957,219 4,056,036| 1,010,836 540,392 1,896 2.185 73,991 1,033,003 5,468,373 918,981 716.2351,992 588 76,801 868,504 4,049,956 1,035,432 830.8082,297 614 328,471 85,520 973,593 3,317,098, 1,004,554 675.7712.648 2.317 41 320,699 81,101 | 1,057,487 4,207,935 944,744 601.156' 2.166) 1.954 256,405 67,823 1,148,595 3,212,785 1,420,591 650.307 2.092 2.562 839,900 3,929,475 1,101,096 635,700 2.142 2.845 | 213,671 100,624 628,279 3,651,103 1,521,125 473,846 2.062 3.157 64,945 142,960 63,379 86,044 559,136 1,771,326 1,389,844 454.754 | 1,973 2.898 320,733 7,819,830 1,772,648 381.269 498,946 6,422,920 1,620,954 420.336| 218,870 4,872,505 2,418,918 | 551.783 125,136 6,302,323 2.025, 733 | 300.533 79,720 8,790,196 2.372, 103 120.151 127,140 7,140,067 | 2.856, 011 97.229 372,582 7,368,790 2.734,037 139.600

It will be at once seen, by glancing at those tables, that between the year 1764 and the union, a great change had taken place in the articles of provisions exported. At the commencement of that period, Ireland was, to a great extent, dependent on Great Britain for her supply of cerials; before its termination, she furnished England with a very large quantity of grain; but it, will also be perceived, that during the same time, the exportation of beef, hides, and tallow, had enormously decreased. Those alterations might have been the effects, either of augmented wealth causing an increased home consumption of animal food, or of a diminution of live stock. If the former were the operating cause, the number of black cattle should have remained, at least, undiminished, and the quantity of animal food used by the population, ought to have augmented. But so far from either circumstance having happened, that the stock of cows rapidly decreased in number, and the breadth of land applied to pasturage every year became less extended. "From the commencement of the last century," says Frazer,* the well-known writer on the Irish fisheries, "immense quantities of beef, pork, tallow, and butter were sent from Ireland to those countries (the American plantations) for the support of the infant colonies, as well as large quantities exported for the supply of the British navy, and her increased commerce. But, on the rapid extension of tillage, the grazing lands were in great quantities broken up for the production of grain. Even in the maritime counties of Cork, Waterford, and Galway, from which ports, particularly the former, the greatest exports of provision were made, large tracts of pasture ground were converted into tillage, from which circumstance the places from whence the supply of cattle was to be obtained, being removed, they could not be brought to market to the merchant,

so that he could not afford to supply his customers, the West Indian planters and navy contractors, at the usual rates; in consequence of which, the planters obtained the greatest part of their provision from America, and the royal navy and commercial interest found the enhanced price a heavy burthen on the nation, and the business of navigation. "In every part of the kingdom," says Arthur Young, writing in 1778, "the common Irish have all sorts of live stock, the tables, already inserted, show this in respect of cows. I should add, pigs are yet more general, and poultry in many parts of the kingdom, especially in Leinster, are in such great quantities as amazed me, not only cocks and hens, but geese and turkeys." In about thirty years after this statement was made, Joshua Kirby Trimmer published an account of the condition of agriculture in the south of Ireland; and describing the filthy hut of the labourer as at once a dwelling, a stable, and a stye, says, "the other side of the cabin is inhabited by the hogs and poultry, and sometimes, but very seldom, by a cow." He adds, "that these (the small farmers) form a very numerous class in the southern part of Ireland; and a larger share of the agriculture of the country may be said to be in their hands than in those of the substantial farmers; with their scanty and slender means, it cannot be expected to prosper much. Their stock consists of one horse, a small car, and perhaps half a dozen sheep, besides some hogs, and in some cases by a cow." And this was written of a country in which, but thirty years before, cattle were abundant, and where every labourer possessed, at least, a cow.§

During the period cattle were so rapidly diminishing in number, it will be seen that the quantity of butter exported, constantly and largely increased; and, when it is considered, that the supply decreased and population greatly augmented, the conclusion

373, and Part the Second, p. 27.

becomes inevitable that the home consumption of this necessary article, one of the luxuries of the poor man's board, enormously diminished. Milk alsoat one time a mensal staple of every cottage in Ireland-must in a great degree have ceased to have been used as an article of diet. The period from the commencement to the termination of the first American war was one of the most disastrous to Ireland, during the last century. The embargo, which prevented trade with France and Spain, and the diminished demand for Irish provisions by the Plantations, induced at once individual distress and commercial embarrassment; yet, even during that protracted season of national misfortune, we have the evidence of the most accurate of inquirers, Arthur Young, that the peasantry of Ireland consumed, as their ordinary diet, meal, milk, butter, and fowl, in addition to potatoes, aud that they possessed live stock in abundance.

In 1805, twenty-seven years after Young's travels were published, Newenham made the following statement relative to the food of the Irish peasantry :-" Instead of England being competent to maintain a greater proportionate population than Ireland, we should find that independently of the acknowledged superiority of the latter, with regard to the natural and general fertility of the soil, the nature of the food on which the great majority habitually subsist, together with other peculiar circumstances, render it competent to support an infinitely more dense population than the former."

"Potatoes, it is well known, are the great article of food in Ireland, bread in England; comparatively speaking a

very small quantity of animal food is consumed in that country, a very great one in this. Much of that kind of food is saved there by religious fasts, a very small quantity here. By the lowest class, in this country, it is eaten once a week, by the lowest class in that country never. In England, that most numerous class, next above the lowest, eat flesh-meat three times, or at least twice a week. In Ireland the same class, which is in proportion more numerous than here, do not, generally speaking, eat it once a month; a great majority of that class do not eat it oftener than six times a year. Substantial farmers and country artificers in this country live chiefly on animal food, the same description of people in most parts of that country live, chiefly, on potatoes and milk."

Thus, during the era of Irish independence, in the short period of about twenty years, meal, milk, butter, flesh-meat, and fowl ceased to be consumed by the peasantry, and even by the farmers of Ireland. From being a prosperous and comfortable population they changed into the most wretched and impoverished people in Europe from being well and abundantly fed, potatoes alone became their sole resource for supporting existence.*

The line drawn through the table of imports divides it into two equal portions of 18 years before, and 18 after the declaration of Independence in 1782. A comparison of the consumption in each of those periods of the articles, which are usually adopted as a criterion of advancement or decline in national prosperity, will afford some curious results.†