they lived in Illinois and Missouri. In 1846, their agency was at the Osage river.

1805.

The Territory of Orleans given by Congress the same government with that of Mississippi-the government of a Territory of the first class, having a Legislature chosen by the inhabitants.

MARCH 3.-Act of Congress changing the District of Louisiana to the Territory of Louisiana. It provides for a Governor, Secretary, and three Judges. The legislative power is vested in the Governor and Judges.

Hildreth says:

"The District of Louisiana, hitherto annexed to Indiana, was now erected into a separate Territory of the second class, the power of legislation being vested in the Governor and Judges. A section of this act, by continuing in force until altered or repealed by the Legislature, all existing laws and regulations, gave a tacit confirmation to the system of slavery, already established in the settlements on the Arkansas and Missouri."

JULY.-Aaron Burr visits St. Louis, and excites in General Wilkinson's mind "definite suspicions" as to his designs.

-Governor James Wilkinson ordered by President Jefferson to leave St. Louis and watch the movements of ex-Vice President Aaron Burr.

AUGUST 9.-Zebulon M. Pike leaves St. Louis, with twenty men, on an exploring expedition. He is gone nine months.

1806.

Pike discovers the peak, in the Rocky Mountains, now known by his

name.

Lewis and Clarke return.

1808.

JULY.-The Weekly Missouri Republican founded by Joseph Charles.

1811.

DECEMBER 16.-The whole valley of the Mississippi shaken by an earthquake, and the town of New Madrid, Mo., destroyed.

-The first steamboat on the Western rivers built by Mr. Roosevelt, of New York, at Pittsburgh, and named New Orleans.

1812.

APRIL 8.—The Territory of Orleans becomes the State of Louisiana. JUNE 4.-Act of Congress making the Territory of Louisiana the Territory of Missouri. It provides for a Governor and a Secretary. The legislative power is vested in the Governor, Council, and House of Representatives. The House is elected by the people. The House sends to the President of the United States the names of eighteen persons, and from these the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, selects nine persons, who form the Council. The judicial power is vested in a Superior Court, in inferior courts, and in justices of the peace. The Judges are appointed by the President.

1816.

JANUARY 19.—The Legislature of Missouri Territory passes a law making the common law of England the law of the Territory.

Governor Reeder, in his message of July 2, 1855, said:

"It appears that the laws of the United States, not inapplicable to our locality; the laws of the Territory of Indiana, made between the 26th of March, 1804, and the 3d of March, 1805, enacted for the District of Louisiana; the laws for the Territory of Louisiana; the laws of the Territory of Missouri; the common law; and the law of the Province of Louisiana at the time of the cession, except so far as the latter have superseded the former, still remain in force in the Territory of Kansas. As the common law, to a considerable extent, was adopted for the Territory by Congress as late as 1812, and by the Missouri Legislature as late as 1816, . . . . it has, without doubt, suspended and supplied a great amount of the law previously existing."

-Stephen H. Long begins his explorations. He spends eight years in the West, traversing more than 26,000 miles of wilderness. One of the highest summits of the Rocky Mountains is named from him Long's Peak. An account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819-20, from the notes of Major Long and others, by Edwin Adams, was published in 1823.

APRIL 29.-By an act of Congress, the Council of Missouri Territory is elected by the people.

In 1817 and 1819, two treaties were made by the Cherokees, which resulted, twenty years later, in their enforced emigration to the Indian country. The Cherokees are a tribe of the Appalachian group of American Indians, and were formerly the occupants of the most salubrious region east of the Mississippi.

1819.

The following is copied from vol.
United States, 1870:

FEBRUARY 22.-Treaty with Spain. I, pp. 573-4, of the Ninth Census of the "April 30, 1803, by treaty with France, the Province of Louisiana' was ceded. Its western boundary, as finally adjusted, February 22, 1819, by treaty with Spain, ran up the Sabine river to and along the seventeenth meridian (94th Greenwich), to and along the Red river, to and along the twenty-third meridian (100th Greenwich), to and along the Arkansas river, to and along the Rocky Mountains, to and along the twenty-ninth meridian (106th Greenwich), to and along the forty-second parallel to the Pacific ocean. Its northern boundary has conformed to the boundary established between the British possessions and the United States. On the east it was bounded by the Mississippi river as far south as the thirty-first parallel, where different boundaries were claimed. The United States construed the cession of France to include all the territory between the thirty-first parallel and the Gulf of Mexico, and between the rivers Mississippi and Perdido, the latter of which is now the western boundary of the State of Florida. Under this construction of the cession, the 'Province of Louisiana' is now covered by those portions of the States of Alabama and Mississippi which lie south of the thirtyfirst parallel; by the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Oregon, Minnesota west of the Mississippi river, and Kansas [except the small portion thereof south of the Arkansas river and west of the twenty-third meridian (100th Greenwich)]; by the Territories of Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, and that known as the Indian country; and by the portion of the Territory of Colorado lying east of the Rocky Mountains and north of the Arkansas river, and all of the Territory of Wyoming north of the forty-second parallel, and that portion of the Territory of Wyoming which is south of that parallel and east of the Rocky Mountains. In 1800, however, the 'Province of Louisiana' had been ceded by Spain to France, Spain claiming that she ceded to France no territory east of the Mississippi river except the 'Island of New Orleans,' and also contending that her province of West Florida included all of

the territory south of the thirty-first parallel and between the Perdido and Mississippi rivers, except the 'Island of New Orleans.' Under this construction, the 'Province of Louisiana' included on the east of the Mississippi river only the territory bounded on the north and east by the 'Rivers Iberville and Amite and by the Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain.'"

MARCH 2.-Arkansas Territory created; cut off from Missouri. Bill to admit Missouri as a State introduced in Congress, and lost.

The Western Engineer, with a corps of topographical engineers under Major S. H. Long, was the first steamboat to ascend the Missouri. It was a stern-wheel boat.

1820.

MARCH 6.—The following is section eight of an act approved March 6, 1820, "to authorize the people of Missouri Territory to form a constitution, and State government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, and to prohibit slavery in certain Territories:"

"SEC. 8. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the State contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid."

The Territorial Governors of Missouri were: 1805, James Wilkinson; 1807, Meriwether Lewis; 1810, Benjamin Howard; 1813, William Clarke; 1820, Alexander McNair.

JULY 19.-The people of Missouri, in State convention, assent to the act of March 6.

-Grasshopper visitation in Kansas and Missouri.

1821.

MARCH 2.-Missouri admitted, with conditions, by joint resolution. AUGUST 10.-Conditions accepted. Proclamation admitting Missouri as a State.

1822.

DECEMBER 9.-The Legislature passes an act incorporating St. Louis as a city. It has 4,800 inhabitants.

In the spring of this year, General William H. Ashley, the head of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, of St. Louis, equipped two boats to ascend the Missouri to the mouth of the Yellowstone.

1823.

The first Santa Fe train from Missouri. It set out from Franklin, now Booneville.

1825.

APRIL 29.-Public reception of La Fayette in St. Louis.

JUNE.—Major Sibley appointed, under an act of Congress, to survey and

establish a wagon road from Missouri to Santa Fe. He established the Santa Fe trail, through Independence, Mo., and through Kansas.

JULY 25.-Treaty of peace with the Cheyennes and Arapahoes. NOVEMBER 7.-Treaty with the Shawnees. The United States give them a tract of land equal to fifty miles square, situated west of the State of Missouri, and within the purchase made from the Osages on the 2d of June, 1825.

DECEMBER 30.-By treaty with the Osage Indians, the tribe is located upon a tract lying between latitude 37° and 38° north, and longitude 94° and 98° west, and watered by the Arkansas, Verdigris and Neosho rivers. The tract contains 7,564,000 acres. The tribe numbered 5,500 persons. The Osages belong to the Sioux or Dacotah family. The name by which they were known to the Algonquins (Ouasash) means bone-men; and the word Osage, of French origin, is a corruption of that name. From early times they have been prominent in this section of the country.

The following statement in regard to treaties with the Osages and Kaws is copied from F. G. Adams's Homestead Guide:

"Treaties made with the Osages and the Kaws both, in 1825, affect portions of this territory that of the latter tribe nearly the whole of it; showing that the Kaws then claimed to have, in a great measure, supplanted the Pawnees in their right to the occupancy of the country now embraced within the homestead region. The treaty with the Kansas Indians or Kaws, of June 3, 1825, ceded the following-described territory: 'Beginning at the entrance of the Kansas river into the Missouri river, from thence north to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri, from thence westerly to the Nodaway river, thirty miles from its entrance into the Missouri river, from thence to the entrance of the Nemaha into the Missouri river, and with that river (the Nemaha) to its source, from thence to the source of the Kansas river, leaving the old village of the Pania (Pawnee) Republic to the west, from thence on the ridge dividing the waters of the Kansas river from those of the Arkansas, to the western boundary line of the State of Missouri, and with that line thirty miles to the place of beginning.'

"To understand this boundary, it must be remembered that at that time the western line of Missouri extended due north from the mouth of the Kansas river to the Iowa line, leaving what was afterwards called the Platte Purchase, now a part of Missouri, still, till the date of this treaty of 1825, a part of the territory claimed by the Kaws.

"In the above description, the southwestern terminus of that portion of the boundary line extending from the head-waters of the Nemaha to the sources of the Kansas river,' was evidently intended to strike the sources of the Smoky Hill. Thus that line crossed the Republican river far below its source, 'leaving the Pawnee Republic to the west,' thereby conceding that the Pawnees of the Republican had a right to the occupancy of the upper portion of the valley of that stream. But, by the treaty of 1833, the Pawnees relinquished to the United States all their right to territory south of the Platte.

"In the above-mentioned treaty with the Kaws, that tribe reserved for their own occupancy the tract on the Kansas river, thirty miles square, which was afterwards ceded to the Pottawatomies; also some twenty individual half-breed reservations, of a square mile each, extending from the principal reservation, near where Topeka is now situated, along the north bank of the Kansas river, to about the mouth of Grasshopper creek.

"The Osage treaty of June 2, 1825, ceded to the United States the territory west of the States of Missouri and Arkansas, north of Red river, south of the Kansas river, and east of the line from the head sources of the Kansas river to Rock Saline. By Rock Saline is meant the salt plains about the line of Kansas and the Indian Territory."

By the treaty of December 30, 1825, the Osages reserved the tract first above described.

1826.

NOVEMBER 20.-The seat of government of Missouri removed from St. Charles to the City of Jefferson.

1827.

A part of the Third regiment U. S. troops stationed at the place where Fort Leavenworth now stands. It was called a cantonment until 1832, when it became a fort. The name of the fort comes from the Colonel of the regiment, Henry H. Leavenworth. Its latitude is 39° 21′ 14′′; longitude, 94° 44'.

1828.

MAY 6.-Treaty with the Cherokees.

SEPTEMBER 24.-The Delawares, called in their own language the Lenapes, are one of the Algonquin tribes of American Indians. At the beginning of the sixteenth century they occupied the valley of the Delaware river. In 1751, they are found on the Susquehanna. In 1781, a part settled on the Muskingum, and were ordered to remove to Sandusky. After 1812, they stopped for a time on the Whitewater river, in Indiana. Thence they crossed the Mississippi. On the 24th of September, 1829, a treaty was made, giving the Delawares "the country in the fork of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, extending up the Kansas river to the Kansas [Indians] line, and up the Missouri river to Camp Leavenworth, and thence by a line drawn westwardly, leaving a space ten miles wide, north of the Kansas boundary line, for an outlet." The Delawares relinquish all claim to the country now occupied by them, on James's fork of White river,

in Missouri.

1830.

Rev. Isaac McCoy described the Osage and Neosho valleys in letters to the War Department, from 1830 to 1838. Lewis Cass speaks of Mr. McCoy in the North American Review, vol. XXX. Mr. McCoy came here in 1828, and soon after published a pamphlet describing southern Kansas and the northern part of the present Indian Territory.

1831.

AUGUST 8.-By treaty, the Shawnees of Ohio are given lands in Kansas contiguous to the land of the Shawnees of Missouri, if that cession is not sufficiently large.

AUGUST 30.-The Ottawa Indians residing in Ohio cede their lands to the United States and receive "a tract of land to contain thirty-four thousand acres, to be located adjoining the south or west line of the reservation equal to fifty miles square granted to the Shawnees of Missouri and Ohio,

on the Kanzas river and its branches."

The Baptist Shawnee Mission, four miles west of the Missouri line, established by the Baptist General Convention of the United States. Rev. Isaac McCoy was appointed an agent for the Government, for colonizing