"He employs part of his time in teaching his brother arithmetic." Teaching is a participial noun from the verb to teach; in the objective case after the preposition in. Rule x.

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

[Rem. 3.] By the obtaining wisdom, you will command. esteem. By obtaining of wisdom, you will command esteem. In avoiding of one error do not fall into another. This was a forsaking his duty.

[Rem. 7.] This man been here yesterday. Cain slain his brother. I seen you. He done it. You have not did as I told you. He has broke the cup. Toasts were drank. I have drank enough. The ground is froze. He run a mile. Some one has took my pen. The bird has forsook her nest. He has spoke an hour. Your knife has been stole. The letter is wrote. I have chose you. That tree has fell down. The hogs have eat the apples. The tree was shook by the wind. He drunk too much. He has began to study. I begun to be afraid.

RULE XIV.

A preposition shows the relation between a noun or pronoun and some other word.

See Etymology of Prepositions, and Rule x.

Note. The other word usually precedes.

Remarks.-1. The noun or pronoun is sometimes omitted; as, “He is a man [whom] I should like to become acquainted with;" "He gave assistance to [him] whoever had need of it."

2. The preceding word is sometimes omitted; as, "[To speak] in a word, he is ruined."

3. Two prepositions are sometimes placed before the same noun or pronoun; as, "He came from, and is now returning to, France." This is inelegant; it should be, "He came from France, and is now returning to it." Such expressions are allowable in forms of law.

What is the rule for prepositions? Mention some examples in which the noun or pronoun is omitted.

Give an example in which the preceding word is omitted.

What is said of placing two prepositions before the same noun or pronoun?

4. We should take care to use the proper preposition in every instance. Some improprieties are here noticed.

"He was dependent of [on] the Papal crown."
"He was eager of [in] recommending that measure."
"He found the greatest difficulty of [in] writing."

"I have no occasion of [for] his services."

"This had a great share of [in] urging him."

"He has a capacity of [for] enjoyment."

"You have bestowed them to [upon] the most deserving." "He accuses me for [of] having done this."

"He has a great abhorrence to [of] such men."

"You have a prejudice to [against] my cause."

"There is no need for [of] his assistance."

"Her sobriety is no derogation to [from] her understanding."

"He died for [of] thirst."

"This is very different to [from] that."

"He is reconciled with [to] the king."

"They have a great resemblance with [to] each other."

"That was agreeable with [to] his principles."

"Virtue and vice differ widely with [from] each other."
"You may safely confide on [in] him."
"He does not profit from [by] experience."
"You may rely in [on] what I tell you."
"This tale is founded in [on] facts."

AC They have quarreled among [with] each other."

“They must be followed with [by] appropriate prepositions."

5. A taste of a thing implies actual enjoyment; a taste for it implies capacity for enjoyment.

We are disappointed of a thing, when we cannot get it; and we are disappointed in it, when we have it, and find it does not answer our expectations.

In is used before the names of countries, cities, and large towns; and at before the names of villages, single houses, and cities which are in distant countries; thus, "He lives in France, or in Philadelphia;" "He lives at Houghton;"" He resides at Rome."

In is often improperly used for into, to denote entrance, etc.; as, "He went in (into) the house."

Between or betwixt has reference to two objects or classes of objects; when the reference is to more than two, among or amidst must be used; as, "He divided it between John and James;" "He divided it among John, James, and William."

Mention some improprieties in the use of prepositions.

EXERCISES TO BE PARSED.

You will gain happiness by a life of virtue. By a life of virtue you will gain happiness. To a man of energy, this is easy. By close attention to study, he became learned. what character he was admitted, is unknown.

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

In

[Rem. 3.] The pronoun is governed by, and agrees with, the preceding word. He came to, but was driven from, the house.

[Rem. 4.] She finds a difficulty of fixing her mind. We can fully confide on none but the truly good. We should entertain no prejudice to such things. She has an abhorrence to all deceitful conduct. The politeness of the world has the same resemblance with benevolence, that the shadow has with the substance.

[Rem. 5.] When we have had a true taste for the pleasures of virtue, we can have no taste of those of vice. We are often disappointed of things, which before possession promised much enjoyment. It rained so violently that we were disappointed in our walk. They resided some time at Italy. He lives at Boston. He ran out of one house in another. Let us go in that garden. He threw it in the water. The bird flew up in the tree.

RULE XV.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

[See Etymology of Adverbs.]

Remarks.-1. Adverbs should be placed as near to the words which they modify, as they can be without producing harshness.

Note.-The same remark applies to adjuncts. Any more definite rule would be liable to so many exceptions as to be nearly useless.

What is the rule for adverbs?

What is said concerning the position of adverbs and adjuncts?

Such adverbs as only, merely, chiefly,* are frequently misplaced; thus, “I only saw John, and not James;" "I saw John only, but did not speak to him." The first sentence should be, "I saw only John," or, "I saw John only;" the second should be, "I only saw John."

2. In familiar language, here, there and where are used for hither, thither, and whither.

3. Two negatives should not be used to express a negation, because they destroy each other, or are equivalent to an affirmative; thus, "Nor did they not deserve the condemnation," means that they did deserve it.

4. Adjectives should not be used as adverbs, nor adverbs as adjectives; "He writes beautiful," should be, "He writes beautifully," "The above lines," should be, “The preceding lines ;” “Thine often infirmities,” should be, "Thy frequent infirmities."

EXERCISES TO BE PARSED.

Is it not sweet to think, hereafter,
When the spirit leaves this sphere,
Love, with deathless wing, shall waft her
To those she long hath mourned for here?
Hearts from which 't was death to sever,

Eyes this world can ne'er restore,

There, as warm, as bright as ever,

Shall meet us and be lost no more.-T. Moore.

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

[Rem. 1.] We should not be overcome by present events totally. He was pleasing not often, because he was vain. In the proper disposition of adverbs, the sound carefully requires to be consulted as well as the sense. We always should prefer our duty to our pleasure. They seemed to be nearly dressed alike.

Wanted a young man to take care of some horses, of a religious turn of mind.

The following verses were written by a young man who has long lain in the grave, for his own amusement.

At that time I wished any body would hang me a hundred times. A public dinner was given to the inhabitants of roast

What is the effect of two negatives?

What caution is given with respect to the use of adjectives and adverbs?

*See Etymology of Adverbs, Remarks 1, 2, 3, 4, p. 118.

beef and plum-pudding. I saw the kettle had been scoured with half an eye. He rode to town and drove twelve cows on horseback.

He only read one book, and not two. He read the book only, but did not keep it. He chiefly spoke of virtue, and not of vice. He only reads English, and not French.

more.

[Rem. 3.] I never drink nothing. I cannot see to write no Be honest, nor take no shape nor semblance of disguise. Will he never be no better? I am resolved not to do So, neither at present, nor at any other time.

[Rem. 4.] She walks graceful. He spoke eloquent. Did he arrive safely? The boat moves rapid. He spoke harsh to her. His expressions sounded harshly. The king acted bolder than the duke. She is a remarkable pretty girl. My foot slipped, and I pretty near fell down.

RULE XVI.

Conjunctions connect words and propositions.

Remarks.-1. The conjunction is sometimes omitted; as, "They confess the power, (and) wisdom, and love of their Creator;" "I believe (that) he is a good man."

2. Some conjunctions are used before the first of two, and sometimes more, connected words or clauses, to mark the connection more forcibly; as, "Both John and James were there." Here and connects John and James, and both is used to mark the connection more forcibly. Neither and either are used in the same way before nor and or; as, "Neither John nor James was there."

3. After the conjunctions than, though and if, and also after as,* there is often an ellipsis: as, "My punishment is greater than (that is which) I can bear;" "My punishment is as great as (that is which) I can bear ;" "I love wisdom better than (I love) riches;” “False flew the shaft, though (it was) pointed well;" "It will answer, if (it is) well executed."

What is the rule for conjunctions? Mention some examples in which the conjunction is omitted.

"Both

| What is said of such expressions as,
John and James were there?"
What often takes place after than, though
and as?

*See Words belonging to different classes, Remark 3, p. 126.