2. When the subject and object are nouns, the object must usually be placed after the verb, because the position in the sentence determines the case; thus, "Alexander conquered Darius,;" not " Darius conquered Alexander."

as,

But when pronouns are used, the object may be placed before the verb; "Him followed his next mate ;" "This subject he has examined."

As relatives and interrogatives stand as near as possible to the beginning of their clauses, they always precede the verb; as, "He whom I serve is eternal;" "Whom do you serve?"

3. The object of the verb is omitted, when it is something indefinite or easily supplied; as, "John reads."

4. Some intransitive verbs are followed by an objective of kindred signification to their own; as, "He runs a race" "They live a happy life." Allied to this construction are such expressions as the following: "Death grinned horribly a ghastly smile," "Her lips blush deeper sweets;" "Groves, whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balms," "From that sapphire fount the crisped brooks ran nectar."

5. Transitive verbs are sometimes improperly used as intransitive; as, “I must premise with three circumstances;" "I cannot allow of that." The preposition should be erased in each one of these sentences. To locate is sometimes improperly used as intransitive; as, "He has located in Cincinnati;" by which is meant that he has become a resident of Cincinnati.

"He

6. Intransitive verbs are sometimes improperly used as transitive; repented him of his design." Him should be erased. It is not elegant to say, "He raises "He grows corn;" or, "This land grows corn." We should say, or cultivates corn;""This land produces corn.'

7. Some verbs may be followed by two objectives denoting the same person or thing; as, "Romulus called the city Rome."

The verbs referred to in this remark, are all those verbs that in the passive voice have a predicate nominative; such as, to choose, to appoint, to elect, to constitute, to render, to name, to call, to esteem, to consider, to reckon.

After some of these verbs we may suppose an ellipsis of the verb to be; as, "I consider him [to be] a good man."

It is hardly proper to call this apposition. A noun in apposition with another noun, is annexed for the sake of explanation or description, and may be omitted; but in this construction, the second noun is essential. There is quite a difference between, "He called Cicero the father of his country;"

Where should the object be placed?
When is the object omitted?

What is said of the objective after some
intransitive verbs?

Mention some instances in which transi

tive verbs are improperly used as in-,

transitive.-Some in which intransitive verbs are improperly used as transitive. What is the remark concerning two objectives denoting the same person or thing? Is this properly called apposition?

and "He called Cicero the father of his country." In the first sentence "who was" may be supplied; as, "He called Cicero, who was the father of his country."

8. Some verbs are followed by two objectives, one denoting a person, and the other generally denoting a thing; as, "James gave me a book," "Forgive us our debts," "John taught him grammar ; "He granted me a favor;" "Buy me a book," "They allowed him a seat;" "It cost him a dollar."

A preposition is understood with the objective of the person, which must be expressed when this objective comes after the objective of the thing; as, "James gave a book to me;" "They allowed a seat to him."

9. The objective with which a preposition has been understood has been mistaken for the object of the verb, and is, from this mistake, often made the subject of the verb in the passive voice-the other objective being retained after the passive; as, "I was given a book by James;" "He was allowed a seat." Such expressions should be avoided. With the verb to ask and to teach, however, this construction is used by good authors; as, “He was asked his opinion," "He was taught grammar." It would be better to say, "His opinion was asked;" "Grammar was taught him;" or, "He learned grammar."

EXERCISES TO BE PARSED.

The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,

The lowing herds wind slowly o'er the lea;
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

Come, behold the doings of Jehovah !

What astonishing things he hath wrought in the earth.

He quieteth wars to the end of the earth;

The bow he breaketh in pieces, and cutteth asunder the spear;
The chariots he burneth with fire.

Yet him whose heart is ill at ease,

Such peaceful solitudes displease.

John calls me his friend, but James considers me his enemy. The Americans chose George Washington president. John wrote in his grammar, "John Thomson Brown's book."

Teach me submission to thy will. Give us our daily bread.

What is the remark concerning such ex- What is said of such expressions as, "I pressions as, "James gave me a book?" was given a book by James ?"

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

Who did he see? He that is idle and mischievous, reprove sharply. They that honor me, I will honor. Who do you think I saw ? Who did he marry? The man who he raised from obscurity is dead. His wrath will consume ye both. This is a friend who you must receive cordially. He who committed the offence thou shouldst punish, not I who am innocent.

[Rem. 9.] He was denied the privilege. We were shown several beautiful pictures. He was promised the situation. He was told this fact some time ago. I was offered the employment. You were paid a high compliment. He was afforded an opportunity.

The object of a preposition is put in the objective case; as, "He spoke to me."

Remarks.—1. A preposition may be followed by a participial noun, either alone or modified by other words; as "He is engaged in writing ;" "He accused me of having defrauded him."

2. The preposition about is sometimes followed by the infinitive mood; as, "He is about to go."

Other prepositions, especially for, were formerly placed before the infinitive; as, "What went ye out for to see?"

For is sometimes placed before the infinitive with its subject in the objective; as, "This is a dangerous opinion for men to entertain." Here for shows the relation between dangerous and men to entertain-not men merely. [See Rule xi.]

3. Some prepositions are followed by adverbs; as, at once, for ever, from above, from afar. The adverbs, in such cases, are equivalent to nouns; thus, at once is equivalent to at one time. In some instances a noun may be suxplied; as, "From [places which are] afar."

What is the rule for the objective after | prepositions?

What is said of the participial noun after a preposition?

What preposition is sometimes followed by the infinitive?

What is said of such phrases as, "This is a dangerous opinion for men to entertain?" What is said of at once, etc.?

From hence, from thence, etc., are often used, though the preposition is unnecessary.

From is sometimes placed before adjuncts; as, "He came from under the tree." In such cases a noun may generally be supplied after from; thus, "He came from [his position] under the tree."

4. A clause is sometimes made the object of a preposition; as, "Muchwill depend on who the commissioners are."

5. The object of the preposition is sometimes omitted when it is the antecedent to a relative pronoun. See page 51, etc.

6. The preposition is sometimes placed after the objective; as,

66 Though bush and floweret never grow

My dark, unwarming shade below."-Campbell.

In familiar language, it is allowable to place prepositions after relatives and interrogatives which depend on them; as, "Whom did he speak to?" instead of "To whom did he speak?"

7. Home, and nouns denoting time, extent of space, and degree of difference, are put in the objective case without a preposition; as, "He went home," "I was there five years," "He rode forty miles that day;" pole is ten feet long ;""This is a great deal better than that."

""The

A preposition may be supplied with some of these; as, "He went [to] home;" "I was there [during] five years;" "This is [by] a great deal better than that;" "He rode forty miles [on] that day." With others it is difficult to say what preposition may be supplied. Some say, "He rode [through] forty miles;" "The pole is long [to] ten feet."

8. The objective is used without a preposition after the adjective worth, and sometimes after like, near, and nigh; as, "This hat is worth five dollars;" "He is like [to] his father."

Some consider worth, as used above, a noun, with of the understood before it, and of after it; thus, "This hat is [of the] worth [of] five dollars." Mr. Goold Brown and others call it a preposition. But it is used as an adjective by ancient writers; as, "The more is he worth and worthi.”—Piers Ploughman. In the following passage from Wiclif it has to connected with it: "If the salt vanishe away, wherynne schal it be salted? To nothing is it worth over." Worth means equal in value, and to may be supplied after it; thus, "This hat is worth [equal in value] to five dollars;" "This book is worth to nothing."

"He

What is said of such expressions as,
came from under the tree ?"
Does the preposition always precede the
objective?

What nouns are put in the objective with-
out a preposition?

Name some words which are followed by the objective without a preposition.

What preposition may be supplied after the adjective worth?

EXERCISES TO BE PARSED.

"Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee,
Whether the summer clothe the general earth
With greenness, or the redbreast sit and sing
Betwixt the tufts of snow on the bare branch
Of mossy apple-tree, while the nigh thatch
Smokes in the sun-thaw."-Coleridge.

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

He went with Prettyman and I. To who did you speak?

Who did you speak to?

divided between he and I.

Who does it belong to? It was

Let no quarrel occur among ye.

From he that is needy turn not away. It was said by somebody, I know not who.

RULE XI.

The infinitive has sometimes a subject in the objective case; as, "I believe him to be an honest man ;" "He commanded the horse to be saddled;" "I confess myself to be in fault" "Let him be punished."

Remarks.-1. Him, in the first sentence quoted, is not the object of the verb believe, but the subject of to be. In the second sentence, horse is not the object of commanded-it is not meant that a command was given to the horse.

2. The objective in such case, is equivalent to the nominative with that, and the infinitive to a finite verb; thus, "I believe that he is an honest man ;” "He commanded that the horse should be saddled."

3. When the infinitive with its subject is the subject of another verb, it is introduced by for; as, "For you to go is better;" "It is better for you to go."

"It is better for you to go," may also mean, "To go is better for you." This is a different construction: for expresses the relation between better and you; but, as it is used in the preceding paragraph, it serves merely to introduce the infinitive with its subject.

What is the rule for the subject of the in- | When the infinitive with its subject is the finitive?

subject of another verb, how is it introduced?