LIST OF INTERJECTIONS.

The following are some of the principal interjections :- -Ah! alas! oh! ha! O! fudge! pish! tush! pshaw! poh! pugh! fie! avaunt! ho! holla! aha! huzza! hurrah! welcome! hail! all-hail! ho! hush! hist! heighho! heyday! bravo! adieu!

Some words belonging to other classes are called interjections when uttered in an unconnected and forcible manner; as, Strange! wonderful! what! behold! off! away! wo!

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Alas is an interjection it is used in exclamation, to denote a strong emotion; it has no grammatical connection with any other word.

RULE XVII.-Interjections have no grammatical connection with other words.

WORDS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT CLASSES.

Many words belong to different classes; thus, iron may be either a noun or a verb, or an adjective; as, “Iron is a hard metal;""To iron clothes ;" "An iron rod."

Name some interjections.
When are other parts of speech used as
interjections?

How do you parse an interjection?
Does the same word ever belong to differ-
ent classes? Give examples.

WORDS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT CLASSES. 125

Some of the words commonly employed as different parts of speech are here mentioned.

MUCH is used,

1. As an adverb-" You have your mother much offended."

2. As an adjective-" I have taken much pains."

3. As a noun-"Where much is given, much is required."

SINCE is used,

1. As a preposition-" Since that time."

2. As a conjunction-"I will go, since you desire it."

3. As an adverb-"I saw him long since."

BUT is used,

1. As a conjunction-"He is sick, but you are well." 2. As a preposition—" All but him had fled."

3. As an adverb-" We are but (only) of yesterday."

AFTER is used,

1. As a preposition-" After that time."

2. As an adverb-" After I had seen him."

So before, below, above, etc.

NOTWITHSTANDING is used,

1. As a preposition-" Notwithstanding his merit."

2. As a conjunction—“He is respected, notwithstanding he is poor.”

THAT is used,

1. As an adjective-"Give me that book."

2. As a pronoun-"The child that was sick."

3. As a conjunction—“I tell you that you must try."

As is used,

1. As an adverb "He acted as he was directed."

2. As a conjunction—" As (since) you have requested me, I will do so." 3. As a pronoun-"Such as should be saved."

FOR is used,

1. As a preposition-"This is good for us."

2. As a conjunction-"Love God, for he loves you."

THE is used,

1. As a limiting adjective (or article)--" The man."

2. As an adverb-" The wiser he is, the better he is."

WHAT is used,

1. As a relative pronoun-" He got what he wanted." 2. As a limiting adjective-" What man is there?"

Mention the different classes in which the following words are used, and give examples of each: Much, since, but, after,

notwithstanding, that, as, for, the,

what?

WHAT is used,

3. As an adverb—" What (partly) by entreaty, and what by threatening, I succeeded."

4. As an interjection-"What! warder, ho!"

Remarks.-1. But is an adverb when only may be used in its place; as, "Our light affliction, which is but (only) for a moment." But has been made to assume this meaning by the omission of the negative which was originally used with it; thus, "Our light affliction which is not but (except)

for a moment."

2. Some grammarians assert that that, in all those cases in which it is supposed to be a conjunction, is merely a pronoun standing for a sentence or part of a sentence; or rather a limiting adjective. This sentence, "I wish you to believe that I would not willingly hurt a fly," is resolved thus: "I would not willingly hurt a fly; I wish you to believe that [assertion;"] "I wish you to believe that [assertion] I would not willingly hurt a fly."

That in its origin is the passive participle of the Anglo-Saxon verb thean, to take, to assume; but the derivation, and the ancient mode of using a word, do not always show how it is used at present; though a knowledge of them may be useful for this purpose, and may show how present usage originated. That, as a conjunction, is merely a connective, or, if the expression may be allowed, an introduction to a clause, and does not refer to assertion or fact, etc. The following is a correct English sentence: "I wish you to believe this assertion, that I would not willingly hurt a fly." Ilow would a sentence of this kind appear when resolved in the mode adopted by Horne Tooke and others? "I wish you to believe this assertion, that [assertion] — would not willingly hurt a fly."

3. In such sentences as the following, so and as are usually considered conjunctions; "She is as amiable as her sister;" "As two are to four, so are six to twelve;" "No lamb was e'er so mild as he;" "He acted as he was directed." But in all these sentences as and so are adverbs, being used instead of adjuncts. Thus, "She is amiable in the same degree in which her sister is;" "Six are to twelve in the proportion in which two are to four;" "No lamb was e'er mild in the degree in which he is." As, in the last sentence, is a conjunctive adverb; thus, "He acted in the manner in which he was directed to act."

When is but an adverb?

What is said of so and as?

SYNTAX.

SYNTAX treats of the arrangement of words in propositions, and their relation to each other.

A proposition consists of a subject and a predicate.

The subject of a proposition is that of which something is affirmed.

The predicate is that which is affirmed of the subject. Thus, "John runs. Here John is the subject, and runs is the predicate.

Note 1.-The word affirm must be understood to include interrogations, commands, etc.

Note 2.-The name of the object addressed does not form a part of the proposition: thus, "William, John runs."

Note 3.-In interrogations, the subject often comes after the verb; thus, "What says the preacher ?"

EXERCISES.

1. Name the subject and predicate in each of the following propositions.

Peter jumps. God exists. Virtue will triumph. I can write. Children play. Children love to play. Vice is pernicious. He is happy. Happy is he. Diana is great. Great is Diana. Blessed are peacemakers. Gratiano has gone along with him. With him has Gratiano gone along. In their ship Lorenzo is not. What is man? Who art thou? Where is John? Whither art thou going? Is happiness to be found among men?

Go thou. Go in peace. lesson. Stay with me. thy mother.

Of what does Syntax treat?

Study thou thy lesson. Study thy Love virtue. Honor thy father and

Of what does a proposition consist?

What is the subject of a proposition ?the predicate?

What does the word affirm include?

2. Form a predicate for each of the following subjects.

George. Virtue.

Industry.
Industry. Happiness.
Happiness. Rain. Grass.

Horses. Religion. Birds. Knowledge.

SUBJECT.

I. The subject is either grammatical or logical.

The grammatical subject is either a noun or some word standing for a noun.

The logical subject consists of the grammatical subject with its various modifications.

Thus, "The consciousness of a well spent life is pleasant.” Here consciousness is the grammatical, and the consciousness of a well spent life the logical subject.

If the grammatical subject is not modified, it is the same as the logical subject.

Thus, in the proposition, "John runs," John is both the grammatical and the logical subject.

EXERCISES.

Name the grammatical and logical subjects in the following propositions.

Ripe peaches are excellent. The love of virtue is commendable. A beautiful prospect is admired. Unripe apples are not wholesome. Wise men avoid temptation. Thomas will study his lesson. All boys do not study. All good boys study. Men often do wrong. Great men often do wrong. Great and virtuous men often do wrong. Man sins. The man sins. A man sins. That man is wicked. No man is perfect.

Thus lived and died Alexander the Great. Beautiful are the lofty trees of that extensive forest. Gloomy and dark art thou. Now heaves the enraptured breast with strong emotion.

How many kinds of subjects?

What is the grammatical subject ?—the logical?