hasten it ;) but this is the ultimate and unavoida- | Social Order which shall recognize and give ble goal, as surely as the stone rolling by its own effort to three natural and essential Rights, as ingravity down the side of a mountain, though it herent in all men, but for which Society and may sometimes rebound higher than the spot it Government have as yet made no provision. occupied a moment before, will roll to the bottom These are unless arrested. The point whereto Labor incessantly tends in Civilized Society, is that of bare and scanty ability to support existence. 1. The right to cultivate a portion of the earth, and enjoy the fruits thereof, paying for its use only a just remuneration for the Capital expended by others in rendering it availably fruitful. 2. The Right to Education, practical and thorough, so as to fit the individual for efficiency in various fields of usefulness. 3. The Right to Labor, and to the just and equal recompense of Labor, in other departments of usefulness as well as that of Agriculture. On the establishment of these Rights, and their extension ultimately to all, rest my hopes of a general and signal melioration of the condition of the Toiling Millions, and not alone of these, but of the entire Human Family. Let them remain in abeyance as hitherto, and I see not what is to prevent the landless and moneyless class from sinking still deeper and deeper into destitution, uncertainty of subsistence, ignorance, immorality and degredation; dragging all others invisibly but really after them. Let this remain unaccomplished, and though the Nation and the World may grow rich, the mass of the People will become poorer and poorer; and the wealth which is cov I rest in this on no mere assertion, nor yet on my own hurried demonstration, as those among you who may be familiar with the writings of those termed Political Economists well know. To say nothing of Malthus, who traces out the doctrines of the school to their unavoidable yet horrid conclusions, you will find in the pages of any of the modern doctors of the sect, and especially in those of the Edinburgh Review, their ablest periodical expositor, repeated, continual fulminations against the improvidence and selfish misdemeanor of early marriages among the Poor, as tending immensely to aggravate their miseries and the public burdens. God's command to the human family to "Be fruitful and multiply," is overruled by the Economic school as directly at variance with the imperative dictates of Political Science, so far as the Poor are concerned. It is stigmatized as a crime against their order, and against the general rule. And, if the present be regarded as the true and Divinely appointed constitution of Society, this is undoubtedly correct. Every ac-ering the world with its stately edifices, will ulticession to the number of the Laboring Class is an mately be taxed out of being to erect and sustain additional competitor for its scanty means of sub- the Prisons and Poor-Houses which the laws that sistence, and a detriment to its general well-being. favored the accumulation of this wealth have It is not, therefore, in the view of the Associa- rendered necessary. The rule of "Laissez faire" tive school, the fault of this class or of that-of-of bidding every man take care of himselfthe heartlessness of the Rich or of the thought- though momentarily favorable to the cunning and lessness of the Poor-that want and misery so the strong, is not ultimately and permanently abound. Until the Social laws and usages, the best for any. Were it not for our unexhausted Social constitution, which make man the rival of abundance of still unappropriated lands, it would him who should be his brother, are radically speedily run itself aground, even in this country. changed, these results are unavoidable. Charity A different Social organism, based on the opposite and magnanimity may soften their rigors, but principle of receiving equal and ample opportunity cannot change their nature nor destroy their exis- to all, of making each the friend and brother of tence. All efforts to render the Laboring Millions all, each interested in the welfare of each, and independent, comfortable, happy, to secure them none profiting by the abasement of any, is the steadfast employment and adequate reward, with- earnest and vital demand of our time. Nay, out changing the structure of Society and the more; it is the remedy to which our existing nature of their relation to Land and Capital, are evils point, the reaction which the aggravated but renewals of the thriftless, never-ending labors vices and inequalities of our present Social condiof Sisyphus. Effective, enduring reform must tion are creating. And herein do I discern the begin at the basis, laying a broad and firm founda- latest and best of the Tendencies of our existing tion. It must begin by devising, or discovering a Civilization. * [Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by CHARLES W. HOLDEN, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.] The July No. contains a Portrait of Rev. Dr. Potts; August, Rev. Dr. Tyng; Sept., Henry Ward Beecher; Oct., Rev. Dr. Cox; Nov., Rev. Dr. Dewey; Dec., Rev. Mr. Sommers; any of which can be obtained of C. W. Holden. XVI. PROF. CHESTER DEWEY, D. D., M. D. ENGRAVED FOR HOLDEN, BY ORR AND RICHARDSON, FROM A DAGUERREOTYPE BY A. MORAND. AFTER all, how many refreshing things there are along the dusty highway of life! With all the dreariness, wearisomeness, vexations, breakdowns, and occasional upsets, there is a great deal to gladden, invigorate, and inspire. How refreshing is an occasional chat with a friend, or the "treeing" of a good idea that suddenly darted out of the wayside; or, still better, the routing out and running down of a good thought in one's own brain, which perchance had been hunted over many times before in vain. How refreshing, too, is Nature, with her "voice and eloquence of beauty." The blue sky from its deep bosom sends deep joy into the heart, and the bright sun lights up gladness within. And then the music of the birds, and the rustling of the leaves, the gentle hum of insects, and all the glad forms of Nature, stir within the soul a gladness that sends the blood thrilling through the veins; and the voice breaks | this noble devotion to duty and humanity, of setforth in a ringing shout of effervescing glee, mel-ting forth the comforting and encouraging and lowed with the devout tones of humble thankful- really refreshing in this world, as well as to picness to the Giver of every good. And then the ture the Pulpit Oratory of America, that these merry laugh of children greets our ears, and the sketches are prepared. We wish to embody in music of happy voices caroling their early loves. the course of these biographies, the highest charWe see youth feasting at the loaded board of acter of man, the true genuine manhood, in a vasocial joys, and old age leaning on the arm of riety of its developments and experiences; as youth, peacefully and hopefully threading the de-well as to present a particular phase of oratory. scending path that shall change at death for an ascending flight; and we see hope light up the eye of all-of "youth in life's green spring, and he who goes in the full strength of years, matron and maid, and the bowed with age,"-and we see goodness laying hold of that higher, holier hope, within whose blissful folds are wrapped a bliss unutterable! It is refreshing, too, "To go abroad rejoicing in the joy In the gay sunshine, reverent in the storm; And find calm thoughts beneath the whispering tree; Of God's deep wisdom in the natural world; To gaze on woman's beauty, as a star Whose purity and distance makes it fair; Hence we shall not always select those whose names are the oftenest mentioned, or whose presence attracts the largest audiences, or whose voices fill the widest churches. We may bring out to view, reluctant though he be, the country pastor, whose life is fraught with little of incident, and whose name has never been blazoned in the public prints, introduced with a sounding flourish of the gifted, the eloquent and accomplished," and supported by two D.'s as a rear-guard; but whose mind has expanded widely and character grown nobly, for all that-and as a means of overcoming his reluctance, we shall simply remind him that "Holden's Magazine" is a candlestick, his quiet village a bushel, and refer him to the fifth chapter of Matthew, fifteenth verse, for an explanation. The truth is, and it requires no very wide observation to establish it, that the " greatest" preacher is not always the best preacher, nor the most distinguished divine the possessor of the Ah! there is much of beauty and of good in truest philosophy, nor the most fascinating pulpit life's journey. But refreshing as all these are, orator the realizer of the purest religion. It is in beautiful, sunny, graceful as they are, they do not the ministry, as it is pretty much everywhere else, equal in refreshing beauty, sunniness, and grace, that those of the worthiest worth, the heartiest the sight of a man who, steadfastly standing in hearts, and the mightiest minds live in their his allotted place, performs the work that Provi- worth, love with their hearts, and labor with their dence has laid out for him, undismayed by its se- minds, unnoticed and unknown by the great verity, unseduced by its surrounding pleasures; world. They have their circle, and that they fill who in singleness of heart follows right on in the to that they are centre, circumference, and path that opens before him, doing-valiantly, ef- radii. In it they are loved and respected beyond fectively doing because it is his duty to do, the all others, and exert a controlling influence; but work which others may do or leave undone, be- the world sweeps by them without bestowing one cause it is for their interest or their credit; and sidelong glance, and perhaps without receiving in addition to this—in addition to filling the sphere one upturned look. Now we find no fault with in which he stands striving also to shed the this arrangement. We doubt not it is just as it warmth of sympathy and the light of information should be. In fact, it could hardly be otherwise on all the waysiders and travelling companions in in the natural order of things. The world is not life's journey, dispensing charities, encouraging quick at detecting unobtrusive merit, and there is goodness, exciting inquiry, radiating happiness in something revolting to genuine merit in obtruding all his onward progress. Such a sight is beau- itself. It is a common saying that a man must tiful, we say-woman in her purity is beautiful, blow his own trumpet before anybody else will nature is beautiful, thought is beautiful, but this blow it for him. Do not infer, because we say that steadfast, single-hearted, sympathizing man is much genuine merit is undistinguished, that in our more beautiful. Now there is a great deal of sel- opinion all merit is hidden behind the veil that infishness in this world, and a great deal of false tercepts the public scrutiny. By no means. The ambition, arrogance and conceitedness; and a world often sees correctly and drags forth and sets great deal of native sensibility, wrapped up, up merit where it deserves to be and act. Somelocked up, steel-mailed, crusted over, lost to hu- times merit puts itself forward from a sense of man sight or touch, and safe from being disturbed duty; still there is much left behind in dim corby the timid knockings of want or the hoarse ners, and we may perchance go there and reveal demandings of despair. But withal there is a it. With the intention of presenting some such great deal of disinterestedness, of self-forgetting, character as we have described above, albeit one of watchful tenderness, of sensitive sympathy, that is extensively and favorably known, we asked responsive to all the calls of humanity, whether coming from the chill of penury, or the tossings of disease, or the haggardness of want; or, still worse, from steril ignorance, or blighting vice, or unforgiven sin. It is for the sake of evidencing Prof. Chester Dewey, D.D., of Rochester, New York, for the privilege of preparing a "sketch" of his life. He did not reply to us," Calumny is the price a man pays for being great;" but he objected, by saying, "Oh, my life will be worth nothing to you. It has had no incidents. It is the life of " Sana meus in sano corpore," was his golden a thousand others simply one of hard work. I principle of education. If such were the system have striven to do my duty, and that is the whole of all parents, and if all sons appreciate health, of it." To this objection we tacitly assented, but and would work to get and keep it, we should still pressed our suit, saying that we would as-hear less of ragged authors, dilapidated teachers, sume the responsibility of its interest. So, in- and bronchitical preachers going to Europe. Stedulgent reader, if you should find this article un-phen Dewey's first born did his fair share of work interesting-we think you will not-but if you should, judge us, and not the subject, and try to feel as friendly as possible towards a sober article. As Prof. Dewey said, his life has not been one of incident. He has never sailed around Cape Horn, nor had any hairbreadth escapes among the Arctic whales; neither has he, like the subject of a previous sketch, thrilled with the sight of England's proudest fleet, or bounded to the music of a dozen regiments, or quaked with the booming of 2000 cannon. It was not with reference to incidents that we asked his permission to talk about him. It was with another purpose; that purpose we have stated. Chester Dewey was born October 25th, 1784, in the town of Sheffield, Berkshire County, Massachusetts-the native place, as it will be remembered, of Orville Dewey. They are first cousins, their fathers being brothers. Chester Dewey's father was a farmer who was prevented from obtaining a liberal education by the troublous times of the Revolution, but who ever esteemed the privileges which college life affords as the choicest in the world. He was a man of strong mind, sound judgment, sober integrity, and consequently, of commanding influence in his town. In those days when lawyers and courts were not as now, to be found like the altars of Baal," on every high hill, and beneath every green tree," he was resorted to as the arbiter in disputes, as the judge of the place, and from his decisions an appeal was rarely demanded. But respected as he was, he always suffered in his own feelings from the lack of a liberal education. He felt that it was his natural birthright, that he would have appreciated it, improved it, and been profited by it. And then in his thoughtful inquiring state there came up before him so many questions which a liberal education would have solved, so many labyrinthine threads of information which that would have enabled him to follow out into the open day, that he was troubled by his deficiecy. He felt, too, the lack of a higher facility in communicating what he did know. As it was, he possessed a singular clearness of expression, but he longed for a greater power, which he felt that a college training would have given him. With these convictions of the advantage of a college education, he determined to give to his first born son that which he so sorrowingly wanted. With this purpose in view, he exercised more wisdom than some parents manifest, who keep their sons from the soil as they would from a contagion, deeming that headwork precludes handwork, that the "college boy" would be ruined by being first the "farmer boy," that the hand which is to hold the pen, and turn the leaf, and dig Greek roots, should never hold the plough, or turn the furrow, or dig garden roots. He began by first educating the body of his boy, before the brain, and developing the muscle before the mind. on his father's farm, before he went to college. He had, however, all the advantages of school instruction which the times afforded, and play enough to keep his spirits buoyant, his cheek rosy, and his eye bright. He was from childhood remarkably active in his habits, ever in motion, prompt and alert. It is a pleasing incident as illustrative of the maxim, "the boy makes the man," that when an infant he always rocked himself to sleep. His mother taught him when he was laid in the cradle to put his little hand on each side, and do his own lullabying. Either in consequence of this early training, or of an active temperament, or perhaps of both, he grew up a stirring, independent, self-relying youth, with a mind ever on the look out for information. We are not sure that the Rev. Professor will thank us for the disclosure, but nevertheless, there is a well authenticated tradition that there was only one boy in the village that was his match in wrestling, and that on the cricket ground he was usually "chosen on" first, and was very apt to be on the " big side." His childhood was an unclouded one. He was, what one would style, a sunny boy, ever bright, buoyant, bounding, the light of the home circle, and a favorite with all. He early discovered quickness of perception, with a " gift" at imitation, so that, when a mere child, he afforded great amusement by performing sundry little feats, which are often taught to bright children. Despatch in doing what was to be done, was also manifested at an early age, united with a principle of order, which is very rare in young people. Oh! how many trials and tears would have been spared to "the rising generations," if they all could learn to "hang up their caps," and ["shut the doors," as readily as did young Dewey. He felt an absorbing interest in whatever thing he undertook, whether play, or study, or work; and was thus impelled on by his own zealous spirit in the path of untiring industry. Hence, as well in the school-room as on the cricket ground, he "stood at the head." When he was thirteen years old, his father was laid aside from business by a protracted illness, and upon him devolved the whole care of the farm. He went manfully through with his task, but it was long ere he recovered from the wear and tear of that summer. For the time being his health was ruined by it. Most of the fitting for college was accomplished in the district school: three months, however, was spent with the Rev. Mr. Robbins, the minister of Norfolk, Connecticut, who fitted hundreds of young men for college, being accustomed to receive them into his family for that purpose, according to the excellent usage of those days. Mr. Dewey entered Williams' College, situated at Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1802, being then in his seventeenth year. He proved himself to be a superior scholar, ranking among the first in his class. While a good mathematician and a promptings of natural sympathies. A penitence for past ingratitude towards the Supreme Benefactor-for neglect of infinite truths and holy love for God filled his soul. Under the impulse of these higher sentiments he consecrated himself to the work of proclaiming salvation, and of persuading men to lay hold of the new, the spiritual life. Immediately after his graduation, he was violently attacked with typhus fever, and at one time his life was despaired of; but the constitution built upon his father's farm, was not found wanting, and he entirely recovered. As soon as health allowed he commenced his theological studies with Stephen West, D. D., of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, a divine of those days pre-eminent for his sound theology and actuating piety, loved and respected almost to adoration. In October, 1807, he was licensed to preach by the Berkshire Association, and during the following winter taught a school in Stockbridge, and preached regularly in West-Stockbridge, a village distinguished for its refined and literary society; and by the cordiality with which he was received into its choice circle, his love of social intercourse was amply gratified. He was still subject to the failing of his childhood, that of being a favorite classical scholar, he evinced a decided partiality for natural sciences, which has since ripened into such a distinguished excellence in that department of knowledge. His warmth of heart, open manly disposition, and gallant sentiments, won the regard of his classmates. He had no false pride, no exclusiveness of feeling, but that keen appreciation of the good points in his fellows, and the generous sensibilities of a common humanity, that wideembracing sympathy for the "great brotherhood of man," which should ever be welling up in refreshing outpourings from the hearts of all, and ever does from the hearts of the rightminded. In college Dewey "strove to do his duty." His class was a superior one. Among the twenty-six which composed it, the distinguished name of Judge Betts appears. In this connection we will refer to an interesting trait of Mr. Dewey's character, because it was developed at this time. We refer to his generosity in communicating knowledge. He never hoards it up in the coffers of his brain, there to rest or rot, but he puts it into general cir-five miles distant. Stockbridge has always been culation. He talks out his thoughts, dispenses his facts, and with whomsoever he is, the child or the man, the ignorant or the learned, he is ever exciting enquiry, quickening thought, imparting information, and adding to his own store. His mental capital is ever productive. We commend his example to the many educated men who have a talent, but hide it in the napkin of their selfish silence; who have a light, but are themselves the bushel to it. There is a duty which such men owe to community. They have received extra privileges, and they are bound to bestow extra favors. They are bound to scatter the seed they have garnered, that it may spring up and bear fruit an hundred fold. They have no right to go through the world a locked up library with the key lost. They ought (in the Western prhase) "to shell out." If they know anything, let them allow other people to know it too, they will be none the poorer for it-ah! they will be richer for it, richer in their own stock, richer in the consciousness of doing good, richer in the gratitude of all. Mr. | Dewey is a man who pours out upon all the stores of his information. Hence his conversation is ever entertaining and instructive, and his society sought. He began life with the resolve to be lavish of his knowledge, and thus it was, that his college vacations were regarded as gala days by his family-pelling and controlling motive. From July to for he managed in a most attractive and easy way to scatter among them all the treasures he had gathered. and here, too, he found his favorite among the fair daughters of this beautiful village. She was the pride and joy of the place, a girl whose presence was a charm to the glad ones, a balm of healing to the sorrowing. She had a finished person, a quick mind, gay humor, and a true heart. How could he but love her? How could she but love him? In the spring of 1808 he made a pleasant, leisurely journey, with his sister to Canada, in the sensible, sociable manner of those times, before steam had whirled away the good old practice of ridiug in one's own conveyance, thirty miles or less a day, and stopping for the night with some hospitable cousin or long lost friend. We allude to this journey, not because it was fraught with the stirring incidents which characterized the Canada expedition of Sommers, described in a previous number, but because it is dwelt upon by its projector with hearty, yet subdued pleasure, as the only journey of his life for unmixed recreation, and social enjoyment, when work, work, duty to self or the good of others, was not the im November of the same year, Mr. Dewey preached in Tyroingham, a small town in the same county. Here his labors yielded most happy results. When In a previous number we have referred to the he went there, the church was well nigh trodden strong religious influence, unceasingly exerted at under foot, having been rent by dissension, and Williams College, and to the fact of its being dis- depressed by poverty. The greatest revival which tinguished for the frequency of those remarkable has ever blessed the church, occurred during his occasions, perhaps not improperly termed "Revi-ministrations, and he left it prosperous and indevals," when the soul seems to rouse itself from the pendent, as it has ever since remained. lethargy of sense to a living perception of the Unseen and Spiritual; when great truths, long disregarded, start into living, acting realities; and when Eternity, in its towering pre-eminence, absorbs in its shadow all the interests of Time. Such a season occurred during the third term of Mr. Dewey's senior year, and he bowed himself beneath the power of his presence. From that day he was actuated by nobler impulses than the In November he was invited to a tutorship at his Alma Mater, only two years after his graduation—a striking evidence of the esteem in which he was held, as this office was only a tutorship in name, being endowed with all the responsibilities of a professorship. He entered upon his duties under peculiar and testing circumstances. During the previous spring and summer, an effort had been made by the students to relieve the institu |