Signed the treaties concerning protection of national minorities as a condition of their entry into the League.

The delegation of the Argentine Republic did not attend the second Assembly and withdrew from the first Assembly upon the latter's decision to refer the amendment to Article 1 of the Covenant proposed by the Argentine, for study by a committee that was to report to the second Assembly. The Argentine Government has not given notice of an intention to leave the League, and appears to regard itself as in a state of suspended or passive membership, to continue until some measure regarded as a satisfactory equivalent to the amendment proposed by the Argentine has been adopted by the League.

The following States are not yet members of the League :- United States, Germany, Russia, Turkey, Egypt, Ecuador, Mexico.

II. CONSPECTUS OF THE ORGANS OF THE LEAGUE.

For details as to the various organs of the League, see THE STATESMAN'S YEAR BOOK 1922, pp. xxx. to xli. The following table furnishes only a general conspectus :

A. PRIMARY ORGANS.

(a) Council and Assembly.

(b) Secretariat.

Secretary General.-Sir James Eric Drummond, K.C.M.G., C.B.

B. SECONDARY ORGANS.

(a) The Technical Organizations.

1. Economic and Financial.

2. Health.

3. Transit.

4. Labour (International Labour Office). [See below.]

(b) Advisory Commissions.

1. Military, Naval and Air Commission.

2. Commission for Reduction of Armaments.

3. Mandates Commission.

4. Opium Commission.

5. Social Commission.

International Bureaux.

1. Hydrographic Bureau.

2. Relief Bureau.

3. Institute of Commerce.

4. Committee on Intellectual Co-operation.

(d) Administrative Organizations.

1. Saar Governing Committee.
2. Free City of Danzig.

C. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE.

III. BUDGET OF THE LEAGUE

(1) The allocation of expenses as fixed by the Fourth Assembly of the League is as follows:

Belgium, Estonia, France, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Rumania, and Serb-Croat-Slovene State have had their quotas temporarily reduced by the number of units indicated opposite each country, owing to the fact that they were invaded during the war. Poland, however, which was also invaded, voluntarily agreed to raise the quota allotted to it from 15 to 25 units. Great Britain's quota has likewise been reduced in view of the fact that the Irish Free State is now a separate member of the League. Japan's quota is temporarily reduced owing to the earthquake.

(2) The League Budget for the seventh fiscal period (1925). Statement of income and expenditure. (One gold francone Swiss franc.)

IV. PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

Principal Publications issued by the Publications Department of the Secretariat of the League of Nations:

Covenant of the League.

Official Journal (and Supplements).

Treaty Series (Treaties and International Engagements registered by the Secretariat of the League). 16 vols. to 1923.

Records of the Meetings of the Assembly.

Minutes of the Sessions of the Council of the League of Nations.

Reports of the Secretary-General to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Assemblies on the Work of the Council.

Minutes of the Sessions of the Mandates Commission.

The Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.

Records of the International Financial Conference of Brussels.

Records of the Barcelona Conference on Transit and Communications.

Records of the International Conference on Traffic in Women and Children.

Records concerning the International Court of Justice (I. Documents presented to Jurists' Committee; II. Proceedings of the Jurists' Committee; III. Action taken by the Council and Assembly).

Publications issued by the Information Section of the Secretariat: Monthly Summary of the League of Nations (current record of the League's doings).

Quarterly Bulletin of Information on the work of International Organisations.
Publications of the Permanent Mandates Commission.
Handbook of International Organisations.

V. MANDATES.

The African and Pacific possessions and certain territories of the German and Ottoman Empires were ceded by these countries at the end of the war to the Allied and Associated Powers. The latter had inserted an article (Art. 22) in the Covenant of the League according to which the inhabitants of these territories should be put under the tutelage of "advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience, or their geographical position, can best undertake this responsibility." These nations should act as mandatories of the League, and exercise their powers on behalf of the League. They should act on the principle that the well-being and development of the peoples under their tutelage formed a "sacred trust of civilisation," and should render the Council an annual report on the territory committed to their charge.

Article 22 furthermore divides the mandated territories into three classes, according to the degree of civilisation of their inhabitants, economic and geographic circumstances, and so forth. Class A is composed of the communities detached from the Ottoman Empire. declared to have "reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone."

Class B, consisting of the former German colonies in Central and East Africa, should be administered by the Mandatory under conditions which will "guarantee freedom of conscience or religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military or naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory. and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other members of the League."

Class C (German South-West Africa and Pacific Islands possessions) is composed of territories which "can best be administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population."

The Supreme Council, as the organ of the Allied and Associated Powers, drew up the terms of and allocated the mandates for the territories ceded by Germany and Turkey, subject to the approval of the Council of the League. The mandates and mandatory powers, as determined by the Supreme Council, are:

A Mandates.-Mesopotamia (now the Kingdom of Iraq) and Palestine, attributed to Great Britain. Syria (including Lebanon), attributed to France.

B Mandates.-Togoland and Cameroons, attributed to France.

The North-Western portion of former German East Africa, attributed to Belgium. The remainder of former German East Africa (now Tanganyika Colony), attributed to Great Britain.

C Mandates.-Former German South Pacific possessions (except Nauru and Samoa), attributed to Australia.

Samoa, attributed to New Zealand, and Nauru, attributed to the British Empire and administered by Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain.

Former German North Pacific possessions (Yap, etc.), attributed to Japan.
Former German South-West Africa, attributed to the Union of South Africa.

VI. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE.

The number of States Members of the Organisation has been increased to 56 by the admission of the Irish Free State and Abyssinia into the League of Nations in 1923.

In 1922 the Conference adopted proposals for amending Article 393 of the Treaty of Versailles so as to increase the membership of the Governing Body to 36 delegates, 18 representing Governments and 9 representing employers and workers respectively, and thus give more representation to extra-European countries.

The Labour Office has organised six international Conferences, as follows: 1919, Washington; 1920, Genoa; and 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, Geneva. For particulars of the decisions of the first four Conferences see STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK for 1922, page xxxviii, and for 1923, page xxvii.

The Fifth Conference (1923) adopted a Recommendation on systems of inspection for securing the enforcement of labour and industrial laws and regulations. The Recommendation is based on "the long experience already acquired in factory inspection," and makes recommendations under the four following sections: I. Sphere of inspection (primary and accessory duties of inspection); II. Nature of the functions and powers of inspectors (with special reference to safety questions); III. Organisation of inspection(a) Organisation of the Staff, (b) Training and qualification of inspectors, (c) Standards and methods of inspection, (d) Co-operation of workers and employers; IV. Inspectors' reports (their periodicity and contents).

The Sixth Conference adopted a Recommendation concerning the development of facilities for the utilisation of workers' spare time. The purpose of this Recommendation, which is intended to be complementary to the Hours of Work Convention adopted at the 1919 Conference, is to lay down "the principles and methods which at the present time seem generally best adapted to secure the best use of periods of spare time" and to "make known for the benefit of all countries what has been done in this direction." Among the principles thus enunciated are:-Measures to prevent workers from having recourse to additional paid work in excess of the legal working day, arrangement of the working day so as to secure continuous periods of spare time, special transport facilities, encouragement of individual hygiene and prevention of certain social evils (tuberculosis, gambling, etc.), a suitable housing policy, encouragement of allotments, etc., and sports and games, extension of educational facilities, and subsidising organisations engaged in such activities. It is also recommended that "every care should be taken to avoid any encroachment on the liberty of those for whose use such (spare time) institutions are intended," that machinery should be set up to co-ordinate and harmonise the various activities, and that "an active and effective propaganda should be undertaken in each country for the purpose of educating public opinion in favour of the proper use of the spare time of the workers." This Conference also gave a "first reading" to three Draft Conventions and a Recommendation, as follows:

Draft Convention and Recommendation on equality of treatment for national and foreign workers as regards workmen's compensation for accidents.

Draft Convention on a weekly suspension of work in glass-manufacturing processes where tank furnaces are used.

Draft Convention on night work in bakeries.

These texts will come up for final decision at the 1925 Conference.

By the terms of Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles (Art. 405) the Members of the Organisation undertake, within one year at most, or in exceptional circumstances within eighteen months, from the closing of the Conference, to bring the Recommendations or Draft Conventions adopted before the authorities "within whose competence the matter lies, for the enactment of legislation or other action." On a Recommendation the Members have to inform the Secretary-General of the League of the action taken. If a Draft Convention is approved by the competent authorities, the Members undertake to deposit their formal ratification thereof with the Secretary-General and to take the necessary action to apply its provisions.

The total results obtained up to the end of July 1924 in the ratification of the Conventions of the first three Conferences (the fourth and fifth only adopted Recommendations and

the Draft Conventions provisionally adopted in 1924 will not pass through their final stages till 1925) may be summarised as follows:

Ratifications deposited with the Secretary-General of the League of Nations............129. (excluding 12 ratifications of the Berne Convention prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches, which formed the subject of a Recommendation in 1919). Ratifications authorised by the competent authorities..... Ratifications recommended to the competent authorities.

International Committees.

...30.

The following special and standing Committees have been appointed either in pursuance of resolutions of the Conference or on the initiative of the Governing Body:

:

(1) Joint Maritime Committee: Chairman Mr. Arthur Fontaine-France.
(2) International Emigration Committee: Chairman, Lord Ullswater.
(3) Advisory Committee on Anthrax: Chairman, Sir William Middlebrook.
(4) Advisory Committee on Industrial Hygiene.

(5) Correspondence Committee on Social Insurance.

(6) Committee of Experts for the Study of Questions concerning the Disabled.

(7) Advisory Agricultural Committee.

The Labour Office has also organised an International Conference of Labour Statisticians (October-November 1923), which adopted proposals for securing greater comparability in labour statistics under the following heads:

(a) Classification of industries and occupations;

(U) Statistics of wages and hours of labour;

(c) Statistics of industrial accidents.

Publications.

To the list of publications of the Labour Office mentioned in the Statesman's Year Book for 1922, page xli, the following may be added:

A. PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS.

(1) The Director's Annual Report to the Conference giving a comprehensive review of the various activities of the Organisation and the Office during the year, including summaries of the reports furnished each year under Article 408 by the Members on the application of Conventions to which they are parties.

(2) Blue Reports on the different items on the agenda of successive Conferences.

(3) Final Record of the proceedings of the Annual Conferences.

B.. SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS.

(1) Report on the International Emigration Committee, August 1921.

(2) Report of the International Committee on Anthrax, December 1922.

(3) Hours of Labour in Industry, country by country: already published, Belgium France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland.

(4) Wage Changes in Various Countries, 1914-1922.

(5) Factory Inspection: reports on its development and organisation in 25 countries. (6) Works Councils in Germany.

(7) Industrial Life in Soviet Russia.

(8) Unemployment, 1920-1923.

(9) Economic Barometers.

(10) European Housing Problems since the War.

(11) Industrial Hygiene and Safety and the International Labour Organisation.

(12) Protection of Eyesight in Indust: y.

(13) Anthrax in the Tannery Industry.

(14) Artificial Limbs: Appliances for the Disabled.

(15) Employment of Disabled Men.

(16) Automatic Couplings and the safety of Railway Workers.

(17) Reports of the International Conference of Labour Statisticians.