Mackinnon (J.), Social and Industrial History of Scotland (to the Union). London, 1920. -The Constitutional History of Scotland to the Reformation. London, 1924. Murray's Handbooks for Travellers. Scotland. 8th ed. London. NORTHERN IRELAND. Baddeley (J. B.), Thorough Guide Series: Ireland. London. 2nd ed. London, 1919. Carter (H. R.), Belfast and the Province of Ulster Year Book. Belfast. 'Chart (D. A.), Economic History of Ireland. Dublin, 1920. D'Alton(E. A.), History of Ireland from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. London, 1910. Dunlop (R.), Ireland under the Commonwealth. Manchester, 1913.- Ireland from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. 1922. Forde (Rev. H.), Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland. Belfast, 1924. Good (J. W.), Ulster and Ireland. Dublin, 1919. Hamilton (Lord E.), Elizabethan Ulster. London, 1919. Handbook of the Ulster Question. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1923. Hayden (M.), and Moonan (G. A.), A Short History of the Irish People London, 1921. Hogan (J.), Ireland in the European System. London, 1920. Lecky (W. E. H.), History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. London, 1892. MacNeill (J. G. Swift), The Constitutional and Parliamentary History of Ireland till the Union. Dublin, 1918. Morris (W. O'C.), Ireland, 1494-1905. Revised ed. Cambridge, 1910. Murray (Alice E.), History of the Commercial and Financial Relations between England and Ireland. London, 1907. O'Brien (G.), The Economic History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, Dublin, 1918.-The Economic History of Ireland in the Seventeenth Century. Dublin, 1919.-The Economic History of Ireland from the Union to the Famine. London, 1921. Pim (H. M.), Unconquerable Ulster. Belfast, 1919. London, 1921. WALES. Baddeley (J. B.), Thorough Guide Series: Wales. London. Bibliotheca Celtica: 1914-18. Aberystwith, 1924. Borrow (G.), Wild Wales: its People, Language, and Scenery. New ed. London, 1901. Bund (J. W. W.), The Celtic Church of Wales. London, 1897. Edwards (O. M.), Wales. [In Story of the Nations Series.] London, 1901.-A Short History of Wales. London, 1920. John (E. T.), Wales: its Politics and Economics. Cardiff, 1919. Murray's Handbooks for Travellers. North Wales, 5th ed.-South Wales. 4th ed. London. Rhys (J.) and Jones (D. Brynmor), The Welsh People. London, 1923. Stone (G.), Wales. Her Origins, Struggles, and Later History, Institutions, and Manners. London, 1915. Wales (Blue Guides). London, 1922. Williams (W. L.), The Making of Modern Wales. London, 1919. ISLE OF MAN AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. Isle of Man Annual Financial Statement. Douglas. Statistical Abstract for the Isle of Man. Annual. Douglas Black's Guide to the Isle of Man.-Guide to the Channel Islands. Douglas. Decennial Census Reports. London. Elliott (B. B.). Jersey-An Isle of Romance. London, 1923. Foord (E.), The Channel Islands. London, 1924. Moore (A. W.), History of the Isle of Man. 2 vols. London. Report of the Departmental Committee on the Constitution, &c., of the Isle of Man. (Cd. 5950.) London, 1911. Wimbush (H. B.) and Carey (Edith F.), The Channel Islands (painted and described) London, 1904. INDIA, THE DOMINIONS, COLONIES, PROTECTORATES, AND DEPENDENCIES OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. In the following pages the various sections of the British Empire outside Gt. Britain and Northern Ireland are arranged in alphabetical order under the divisions of the world to which they belong:-1. Europe; 2 Asia; 3. Africa; 4. America; 5. Australasia and Oceania. The term 'Dominion' is used officially as a convenient abbreviation of the complete designation 'self governing Dominion.' The Dominions are Australia, Canada, Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa. The term 'Colony' is an abbreviation of the official designation 'Colony not possessing responsible Government,' and includes all such Colonies whether or not they possess an elective Legislature, but does not include Protectorates or Protected States. The term 'Crown Colonies' is properly applicable only to those Colonies in which the Crown retains control of legislation. Under the recent Peace Treaties certain ex-German and ex-Turkish territories are administered by parts of the British Empire under mandates approved by the League of Nations. These territories include Samoa, New Guinea, Iraq, Palestine, and parts of the former German Colonies in Africa. The Colonial Office is divided into four branches, the first of which, called the Dominions Department, deals with business connected with the self-governing Dominions, and is linked with the secretariat of the Imperial Conference. The Second Department, called the Crown Colonies Department, deals with the administrative and political work of the Crown Colonies and Protectorates. The Third or General Department, which is also a Legal Department, deals with matters common to all Crown Colonies, such as currency, banking, posts and telegraphs, education, &c. Connected with this department are standing committees to deal with promotion, railways and finance, concessions, and pnsions. The fourth Department was established in March, 1921, to deal with the "Middle East" (Palestine and Iraq, and also questions of policy in other Arab areas within the British sphere of influence). EUROPE. THE IRISH FREE STATE (SAORSTÁT EIREANN). AN Act was passed in 1920, under which separate Parliaments were set up for "Southern Ireland" (26 counties), and "Northern Ireland" (6 counties). The Ulster Unionists accepted this scheme, and the Northern Parliament was duly elected on May 24, 1921, and opened by the King in person in the following June. The rest of Ireland, however, having proclaimed a Republic in January 1919 refused to work the Act. In December 1921 a treaty was signed with the British Government which was embodied in the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act, 1922. The Treaty contains the following provisions among others : - Ireland to have the same constitutional status 'in the community of nations known as the British Empire' as the Self-Governing Dominions, and to be called the Irish Free State. Its position in relation to the Imperial Parliament and Government to be that of the Dominion of Canada, and the representative of the crown in Ireland to be appointed in like manner as the Governor-General of Canada. The share of the Free State in the debt of the United Kingdom and other charges to be determined, in default of agreement, by the arbitration of one or more independent persons being citizens of the British Empire.' The Irish Free State to undertake its own coastal defence, the defence by sea of Great Britain and Ireland being undertaken by the Imperial forces: these provisions to be reviewed at the expiration of five years. The Free State to afford, in time of 'war or strained relations' with other powers, such harbour and other facilities as the British Government may require. The establishments of the Irish defence force not to exceed such proportion to the British military establishment as the population of Ireland bears to the population of Great Britain. The ports of Great Britain and of Ireland to be freely open to the ships of the other country' on payment of the customary dues. In certain eventualities a Commission to be appointed to determine 'in accordance with the wishes of the inhabitants, so far as may be compatible with economic and geographic conditions,' the true boundary between Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State. Constitution. Under the Treaty a Provisional Government was constituted on January 16, 1922, to carry on for a period of twelve months. In September 1922 the Provisional Parliament met as a Constituent Assembly to adopt a Constitution for the Irish Free State. This was passed on October 25, and duly enacted by the Imperial Parliament on December 4 (see the Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922 [Session 2], 13 Geo. V. ch. 1). On December 6, 1922, the Constitution came into effect by Royal Proclamation. The Constitution declares the Irish Free State to be a co-equal member of the Community of Nations forming the British Commonwealth, and that all powers of Government, and all authority, legislative, executive, and judicial in Ireland, are derived from the people of Ireland.' Every person domiciled within the area of the Free State on December 6, 1922, who was born in Ireland, or either of whose parents was born in Ireland or had been ordinarily resident within the area of the Free State for at least seven years, automatically became a citizen of the new State unless he or she elected not to accept such citizenship. The Irish language is declared to be the national language, but English is equally recognized as an official language. Liberty of person and the dwelling of the citizen are inviolable. There is to be no endowment of any religion. Freedom of religious opinion and the right of association are guaranteed. Elementary education is free. The Legislature, known as the Oireachtas, consists of the King, a Chamber of Deputies (Dáil Eireann), and a Senate (Seanad Eireann). There must be at least one Session each year. Provision is to be made for payment of members, and there may be free travelling facilities. Legislative authority in respect of money bilis is reserved to the Chamber alone, but the Senate may make recommendations. Other bills must be passed (or 'accepted') by both Houses, but if the Senate does not pass a bill within 270 days or other longer agreed period, after it has first been sent to the Senate by the Chamber, the bill shall be deemed to have passed both Houses in the form in which it was last passed by the Chamber. There may be a joint sitting of the two Houses, if required by the Senate, to debate, but not vote upon, a non-money bill. The Crown's Representative may refuse the King's Assent to any bill or reserve the bill for consideration, provided that the law, practice, and constitutional usage governing such cases in the Dominion of Canada are followed. Provision is made for a Referendum of the people, on demand by a certain proportion of members of either House, in respect of any bill other than a money bill, or bills necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety. Provision may also be made by the Legislature for the initiation by the people of proposals for laws or constitutional amendments. Amendments of the Constitution, made after eight years from the date of its first operation, can only become law after submission to a Referendum of the people. Save in the case of actual invasion, the Irish Free State is not to be committed to active participation in any war without the assent of the Oireachtas. All members of the Oireachtas must take an oath of allegiance to th Constitution and of fidelity to the King. Citizens aged 21 and over, withou distinction of sex, who comply with the prevailing electoral laws, can vo for members of Dáil Eireann, and take part in the Referendum and Initiative, and citizens aged 30 and over, who comply with such laws, can vote for members of Seanad Eireann. Each voter has only one vote for either House, and voting is by secret ballot. Every citizen aged 21 and over, not otherwise disqualified, is eligible for election to the Dáil. Election is upon principles of Proportional Representation. The number of Deputies is fixed on a population basis, and is at present 153. Each University existing in 1922 is entitled to elect three Deputies. The General Election is to be held on the same day throughout the country, and the Dáil continues for four years, unless sooner dissolved. The Senate consists of 60 members. To be eligible for membership, citizens must be at least 35 years of age and eligible for election to the Dail. The members must be citizens who have done honour to the nation by reason of useful public service,' or who represent important aspects of the nation's life. The term of Office is normally to be 12 years. One-fourth of the members are to be chosen by the electors every three years from a panel chosen by the two Houses, all the elections to be o Proportional Representation. nri rles of |