years of age was 17 per cent., in 1890 13.3 per cent., in 1900 10 7 per cent., in 1910 7.7 per cent., in 1920 6 per cent. The following statistics are for 1920. Since the admission of the State of Ohio in 1803, the United States Government, upon the organization of all new States excepting a few in which no lands of the public domain were available, has set aside for the benefit of the public schools therein from one to four sections' (square miles) of land in each township of six miles square. The proceeds of the sale of this land make the principal part of the permanent school funds of such States. The income of permanent school funds and unsold school lands constitutes about 2.7 per cent. of the revenue receipts of the schools of the country. Taxation and appropriation yield about 92.1 per cent. of the total revenue receipts, and other sources yield about 5.2 per cent. the amount expended on public schools of elementary and secondary grades was 1,580,671,296 dollars. In 1922 the 780 universities, colleges, and professional schools had an income of 272,815,703 dollars from productive funds, from fees, and from United States Government, State, and Municipal appropriations, and from all other sources. In 1922 Summary of Statistics of Schools, Teachers, and Pupils, 1921-22 : Public, elementary, & secondary schools. 1270,574 118,085 604,891 722,976 11,687,142 11,552,085 23,239,22 Public high schools (included above) Private high schools and academies Public teachers' colleges&normalschools Private teachers' colleges&normal schools Universities, colleges &professional schools Preparatory departments of universities and colleges. Schools of theology Schools of law Schools of medicine 14,056 41,209 72,471 133,680 1,033,739 1,195,668 2,229,40% Schools of dentistry Schools of pharmacy. Schools of veterinary medicine. 1 Number of school buildings. Students in preparatory departments not included. In 1924 there were in the United States 2,310 daily newspapers, 13,267 weeklies, 473 semi-weeklies, 3,613 monthlies, 280 semi-monthlies, and 738 other periodicals. The total number of periodicals was in 1916, 23,024 (in 1920, 21,012); in 1870 the total number was 5,871; in 1900, 20,806; and in 1911, 22,806. Justice and Crime. The judicial system, like the executive and legislative systems, is dual. The Federal or National Government maintains courts for the trial of civil and criminal cases under the onstitution and treaties of the United States, and the laws of the country relating to Admiralty, Patents, Banking, Bankruptcy, and many other subjects. The Federal Courts also have juris diction of suits not involving Federal questions between citizens of different States when the amount involved is in excess of 3,000 dollars, besides interest and costs; and of crimes against the laws of the United States. The State Courts have jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases arising under State laws which do not conflict with the National Constitution and laws enacted by Congress. The State Courts also have jurisdiction of proceedings in probate and divorce. In the separate States the lowest courts are those of Justices of the Peace, but in many towns and cities of fairly substantial population, Police Judges have jurisdiction as Examining Magistrates in criminal matters and to hear and determine misdemeanours for violation of the municipal laws. In all matters, except in misdemeanours for violation of the municipal laws, the Justices of the Peace have also jurisdiction in such towns or cities as examining magistrates, as well as to hear and determine civil cases involving usually not more than 200 dollars, and also to hear, determine and sentence for certain petty crimes which are not heinous. The States are divided into counties and the latter into towns, cities, villages and townships, and there is usually a circuit or district court for each county, in some of which there are one or more judges for the county, while in others the judge's jurisdiction embraces the courts of two or more counties and he goes from county to county to hold terms of court therein. These are the highest State Courts of original jurisdiction and they have grand and petit juries. The highest court in each State is the Supreme or Appellate Court with a Chief Justice and Associate Justices and, in some States, commissioners who hear and determine cases under assignment of the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices. The Chief Justice and Associate Justices are usually elected by the people, but sometimes are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the State Senate; they usually hold office for a term of years, but sometimes for life or during good behaviour. Their salaries range from 2,500 to 17,500 dollars. The Judges of the Courts of the United States, which include the District Courts, the Court of Claims, the Court of Customs Appeals, the Circuit Courts of Appeal, and the Supreme Court of the United States, hold office during good behaviour. They may, however, retire with full pay at the age of 70 years, if they so desire, and if they have served a period of ten years. The United States District Courts are the lowest of the Federal Courts. There are 88 of these, each State forming one or more districts. These Courts appoint Commissioners, who have the power of Examining Magistrates, but may not finally adjudge and determine, except in the Territory of Alask where they have jurisdiction equivalent to that of the Justices of the Pest and Probate Courts of the counties of the States. The United States Distr Courts try all criminal cases arising under the Laws of the United States, indicated above, including capital offences. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and 8 Associa Justices, appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of th Senate. The United States is divided into 9 circuits, to each of which the Chief Justice or an Associate Justice is assigned, and such Chief Justice or Associate Justice, respectively, has primary jurisdiction of applications for peremptory orders in any such district respectively. Cases from inferior courts are taken to the Supreme Court either on appeal, writ of error, or writ of certiorari. That Court has also original jurisdiction in cases affecting foreign Ministers and those between the different States. The salary of the Chief Justice is 15,000 dollars, and that of each of the Associate Justices 14,500 dollars. The Court of Claims has jurisdiction of suits based on claims against the Government founded on the Constitution and laws of the United States or arising out of contracts entered into with the Government and not sounding in tort. The Court of Customs Appeals passes upon appeals from decisions of the Board of General Appraisers involving questions as to the classification Each State of the Union has a system of free public schools established by law. The work of these is largely supplemented by private and parochial schools. In 1880 the percentage of illiterates in the population above ten years of age was 17 per cent., in 1890 13.3 per cent., in 1900 10.7 per cent., in 1910 7.7 per cent., in 1920 6 per cent. The following statistics are for 1920. Since the admission of the State of Ohio in 1803, the United States Government, upon the organization of all new States excepting a few in which no lands of the public domain were available, has set aside for the benefit of the public schools therein from one to four sections' (square miles) of land in each township of six miles square. The proceeds of the sale of this land make the principal part of the permanent school funds of such States. The income of permanent school funds and unsold school lands constitutes about 2.7 per cent. of the revenue receipts of the schools of the country. Taxation and appropriation yield about 92.1 per cent. of the total revenue receipts, and other sources yield about 52 per cent. the amount expended on public schools of elementary and secondary grades was 1,580,671,296 dollars. In 1922 the 780 universities, colleges, and professional schools had an income of 272,815,703 dollars from productive funds, from fees, and from United States Government, State, and Municipal appropriations, and from all other sources. In 1922 Summary of Statistics of Schools, Teachers, and Pupils, 1921-22 :— Kinds of Schools Public, elementary, & secondary schools. 1270,574 118,085 604,891 722,976 11,687,142,11,552,085 23,239, 227 Public high schools (included above) Private high schools and academies Public teachers' colleges&normalschools Private teachers' colleges&normal schools Universities, colleges &professional schools Preparatory depart 14,056 41,209 72,471 133,680 1,033,739 1,195,668 2,229,407 597 780 39,393 1,963 5,446 8,791 14,237 84,198 102,443 186,641 2550,906 ments of universities and colleges. Schools of theology Schools of law Schools of medicine |