power of judging correctly. And that it necessitates this habit is one of the immense advantages of science.

ry it cultivates. In the acquirement of a language, the connections of ideas to be established in the mind correspond to facts that are in a great measure accident- Not only, however, for intellectual disal; whereas, in the acquirement of science, cipline is science the best; but also for the connections of ideas to be established moral discipline. The learning of lanin the mind correspond to facts that are guages tends, if any thing, further to inmostly necessary. It is true that the re- crease the already undue respect for lations of words to their meaning is in one authority. Such and such are the meansense natural, and that the genesis of these ings of these words, says the teacher or relations may be traced back a certain dis- the dictionary. So and so is the rule in tance; though very rarely to the begin- this case, says the grammar. By the pupil ning, (to which let us add the remark that these dicta are received as unquestionable. the laws of this genesis form a branch of His constant attitude of mind is that of mental science—the science of philology.) submission to dogmatic teaching. And a But since it will not be contended that in necessary result is a tendency to accept the acquisition of languages, as ordinarily without inquiry whatever is established. carried on, these natural relations between Quite opposite in the attitude of mind words and their meanings are habitually generated by the cultivation of science. traced, and the laws regulating them ex- By science constant appeal is made to inplained; it must be admitted that they are dividual reason. Its truths are not accommonly learned as fortuitous relations. cepted upon authority alone; but all are On the other hand, the relations which at liberty to test them in nay, many science presents are causal relations; and, cases, the pupil is required to think out when properly taught, are understood as his own conclusions. Every step in a scisuch. Instead of being practically accientific investigation is submitted to his dental, they are necessary; and as such, give exercise to the reasoning faculties. While language familiarizes with non-rational relations, science familarizes with rational relations. While the one exercises memory only, the other exercises both memory and understanding.

Observe next that a great superiority of science over language as a means of discipline, is, that it cultivates the judgment. As, in a lecture on mental education delivered at the Royal Institution, Professor Faraday well remarks, the most common intellectual fault is deficiency of judgment. He contends that "society, speaking generally, is not only ignorant as respects education of the judgment, but is also ignorant of its ignorance." And the cause to which he ascribes this state is want of scientific culture. The truth of his conclusion is obvious. Correct judgment with regard to all surrounding things, events, and consequences, becomes possible only through knowledge of the way in which surrounding phenomena depend on each other. No extent of acquaintance with the meanings of words, can give the power of forming correct inferences respecting causes and effects. The constant habit of drawing conclusions from data, and then of verifying those conclusions by observation and experiment, can alone give the

judgment. He is not asked to admit it without seeing it to be true. And the trust in his own powers thus produced, is further increased by the constancy with which Nature justifies his conclusions when they are correctly drawn. From all which there flows that independence which is a most valuable element in character. Nor is this the only moral benefit bequeathed by scientific culture. When carried on, as it should always be, as much as possible under the form of independent research, it exercises perseverance and sincerity. As says Professor Tyndall of inductive inquiry, "it requires patient industry, and an humble and conscientious acceptance of what Nature reveals. The first condition of success is an honest receptivity and a willingness to abandon all preconceived notions, however cherished, if they be found to contradict the truth. Believe me, a self-renunciation which has something noble in it, and of which the world never hears, is often enacted in the private experience of the true votary of science."

Lastly we have to assert-and the assertion will, we doubt not, cause extreme surprise--that the discipline of science is superior to that of our ordinary education, because of the religious culture that it gives. Of course we do not here use the

words scientific and religious in their ordi- | mere professed respect, but a respect nary limited acceptations; but in their proved by the sacrifice of time, thought, widest and highest acceptations. Doubt- and labor. less, to the superstitions that pass under the name of religion, science is antagonistic; but not to the essential religion which these superstitions merely hide. Doubtless, too, in much of the science that is current, there is a pervading spirit of irreligion; but not in that true science which has passed beyond the superficial into the profound.

"True science and true religion," says Professor Huxley at the close of a recent course of lectures, are twin sisters, and the separation of either from the other is sure to prove the death of both. Science prospers exactly in proportion as it is religious; and religion flourishes in exact proportion to the scientific depth and firmness of its basis. The great deeds of philosophers have been less the fruit of their intellect than of the direction of that intellect by an eminently religious tone of mind. Truth has yielded herself rather to their patience, their love, their single-heartedness, and their self-de-laws, the progress of things is ever tonial, than to their logical acumen.

man knowledge, but human conception, | life, physical, mental, and social; and that is the Universal Power of which Nature, they should understand all other science and Life, and Thought are manifestations. as a key to the science of life. We conclude, then, that for discipline, as well as for guidance, science is of chief est value. In all its effects, learning the meanings of things, is better than learning the meanings of words. Whether for intellectual, moral, or religious training, the study of surrounding phenomena is immensely superior to the study of grammars and lexicons.

tions comforts and pleasures which their few naked ancestors never even conceived, or could have believed; yet is this kind of knowledge only now receiving a grudging recognition in our highest educational institutions. To the slowly growing acquaintance with the uniform coëxistences and sequences of phenomena-to the establishment of invariable laws, we owe our emancipation from the grossest superstitions. But for science we should be still worshiping fetishes; or, with hecatombs of victims, propitiating diabolical deities. And yet this science, which, in place of the most degrading conceptions of things, has given us some insight into the grandeurs of creation, is written against in our theologies and frowned upon from our pulpits.

And yet the knowledge which is of such transcendent value is that which, in our age of boasted education, receives the least attention. While this which we call civilization could never have arisen had it not been for science; science forms scarcely an appreciable element in what men consider civilized training. Though to the progress of science we owe it, that millions find support where once there was food Thus to the question with which we set only for thousands; yet of these millions out-What knowledge is of most worth? but a few thousands pay any respect to —the uniform reply is-Science. This is that which has made their existence possithe verdict on all the counts. For direct ble. Though this increasing knowledge of self-preservation, or the maintenance of the properties and relations of things has life and health, the all-important know- not only enabled wandering tribes to grow ledge is-Science. For that indirect self into populous nations, but has given to the preservation which we call gaining a live-countless members of those populous nalihood, the knowledge of greatest value is -Science. For the due discharge of parental functions, the proper guidance is to be found only in-Science. For that interpretation of national life, past and present, without which the citizen can not rightly regulate his conduct, the indispensable key is-Science. Alike for the most perfect production and highest enjoyment of art in all its forms, the needful preparation is still-Science. And for purposes of discipline-intellectual, moral, religious the most efficient study is, once more Science. The question which at first seemed so perplexed, has become, in the course of our inquiry, comparatively simple. We have not to estimate the degrees of importance of different orders of human activity, and different studies as severally fitting us for them; since we find that the study of Science, in its most comprehensive meaning, is the best preparation for all these orders of activity. We have not to decide between the claims of knowledge of great though conventional value, and knowledge of less though intrinsic value; seeing that the knowledge which we find to be of most value in all other respects, is intrinsically most valuable; its worth is not dependent upon opinion, but is as fixed as is the relation of man to the surrounding world Necessary and eternal as are its truths, all Science concerns all mankind for all time. Equally at present, and in the remotest future, must it be of incalculable importance for the regulation of their conduct, that men should understand the science of

Paraphrasing an Eastern fable, we may say that in the family of knowledges, Science is the household drudge, who, in obscurity, hides unrecognized perfections. To her has been committed all the work; by her skill, intelligence, and devotion, have all the conveniences and gratifications been obtained; and while ceaselessly occupied in ministering to the rest, she has been kept in the background, that her haughty sisters might flaunt their fripperies in the eyes of the world. The parallel holds yet further. For we are fast coming to the dénouement, when the positions will be changed; and while these haughty sisters sink into merited neglect, Science, proclaimed as highest alike in worth and beauty, will reign supreme.

From the London Review.

THE TEUTONIC TRIBES

OR THE GREAT CRADLE OF ENGLISHMEN.*

Mr. Kemble's accuracy reminds us of Hallam, with whom he generally agrees. Like him, he appears to "write on oath." He excels, however, in the art of restoring old forms, and has the greater power to aid us in realizing the true life of early times. The writer on The Middle Ages deals with his material in a way which makes us think of a scientific geologist who identifies the bones of an extinct race, and refits them so as to demonstrate their distinctive character and class; but our younger author was more like Miller, who could clothe the dry bones and make them live, and call up before us the very scenes of that world which the strange generation peopled. We could have wished that Mr. Kemble's wide acquaintance and close familiarity with Latin authorities had exerted less influence on his style, which, to our taste, sometimes departs too far from that pure and transparent standard which his own Anglo-Saxon people would call classic. This is seen particularly when he indulges his philosophical bent. If he attempts to sketch Saxon homesteads or market-towns, he always succeeds; for he becomes more Saxon in his speech, and there is a freshness and a clear beauty about his pictures which the truly English soul must always relish. We are sure, therefore, that his pen need not have run at any time into a style which, though supposed by some to

ship, we might more readily admit the constant action of a superintending Providence, operating without caprice through very common and every-day channels." Mr. Kemble seems to have been singularly qualified for the work on which he had entered in his two volumes. The structure of his mind, the range of his studies, and, not least, his habitual mode of using his material, all combine to inspire his readers with confidence; and while we follow him in his researches, we get to feel ourselves under safe guidance, and learn to repose in the certainty as well as beauty of the results. His predecessor in this department of literature, Sir Francis Palgrave, who still continues to regale us with his utterances on Norman history, fails, we think, to inspire so deep a trust. He is perhaps more brilliant than Kemble, but not so accurate. Had we no other means of judging, we might be powerfully swayed by the voice of such an authority as Hallam, who, though, according to common phrase, dead, will live as long as our language lives, as the confidential companion of all who love truthful history. The venerable historian, for instance, sometimes detected Sir Francis shifting his opinions between his first and second volume; and quietly remarks: "I can not assent; the second thoughts of my learned friend I like less than the first." Indeed, the mode of composition which Hallam's friend adopts, on his own show-be best adapted for expressing fine shades ing, would scarcely bespeak our entire confidence, as it tends to make an author's pages racy and pleasant at the occasional sacrifice of exactness. At every stage of the work, the History of Normandy and England, it appears, "has been spoken; that is to say, written down by dictation, and transcribed from dictation. The author therefore appears somewhat in the character of a lecturer who prints his lectures as they have been repeated under his direction. He trusts he shall obtain the indulgence granted to those whose position he assumes." For our own part, we can not make the historian any such allowance.*

of meaning, most frequently leaves the reader in doubt as to what the writer means. Our author's deepest reasoning and reflections might have found expression in a style quite akin to the genius of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. One who writes. on the Saxons in a Saxon style is always in good taste, and pays the highest compliment to his theme. It is true that the Saxon is not the only element of the England language; Keltic, Roman, Norse, and Romaunce, are woven here and there into the rich but substantial fabric; and in this we glory as much as our favorite Camden; indeed, we will adopt his strain:

long out of print, and that a single copy can It is hardly fair that this learned and esteemed scarcely be found. Now surely if a writer, and author should weave up into the text of his recent especially such a writer, thinks and tells his volumes such references to his Rise and Progress readers that the full benefit of his later works of the English Commonwealth as make the reader can not be enjoyed without some knowledge of feel that some acquaintance with that work is his earlier productions, he ought either to run the very important, if not necessary, to a full under-risk of repeating himself for the public good, or standing of the subject before him; while it is afford proper means of reference by keeping an well known that the pages referred to have been edition of his advertised books in the market.