on a footing of equality with the members, and in executive session only to the extent permitted by the Thing.

ARTICLE 75. The Storthing shall have power:

a) To enact and repeal laws; to levy taxes, imposts, duties, and other public assessments, but such levy shall not remain in force beyond the first day of July in the year in which the next regular Storthing convenes, unless expressly revived by the latter. b) To borrow money on the credit of the Kingdom; c) To regulate the currency of the Kingdom;

d) To appropriate the moneys necessary for the expenditures of the government;

e) To determine the amount which shall yearly be paid to the King for the maintenance of his royal household, and to settle the appanage of the royal family, which shall not, however, consist of landed estates;

f) To cause to be laid before it the Journal of the Ministry and all official reports and documents; provided, that the records of diplomatic affairs and military commands which are of a secret nature shall be submitted to a committee consisting of not more than nine members selected from the membership of the Odelsthing, and they may also be submitted to the Odelsthing if a member of said committee demands that this branch of the Storthing shall consider the same, or that suit be brought in the Court of Impeachment.

g) To cause to be communicated to it the Alliances and Treaties which the King, on behalf of the state, has entered into with foreign powers. Secret articles and treaties which, however, must not conflict with those that are published, shall be treated according to the rules laid down in this section, litra f., concerning matters of a secret nature.

h) To summon any person to appear before it, in state affairs, except the King and royal family; but this exception shall not apply to royal princes holding public office;

i) To revise temporary salary and pension lists, and to make such changes therein as may be deemed necessary;

k) To appoint five auditors, who shall each year audit the accounts of the State and publish printed extracts of the same; and for this purpose the accounts shall be submitted to the auditors within six months from the expiration of the year for which the appropriations of the Storthing have been made;

1) To naturalize foreigners.

ARTICLE 76. Every bill shall first be introduced in the Odelsthing, either by a member thereof or by the Ministry through one of its members. If the bill is there passed, it shall be sent to the Lagthing, which may concur in or reject it. In the latter case it shall be returned with objections appended, and the same

shall be considered by the Odelsthing, which may either indefinitely postpone the bill or return it to the Lagthing with or without amendment. When a bill from the Odelsthing has been twice presented to the Lagthing and has been returned a second time, rejected, the entire Storthing shall assemble in joint session and by a two-thirds vote dispose of the bill. At least three days must intervene between every such distinct consideration of the bill.

ARTICLE 77. When a measure, passed by the Odelsthing, has been concurred in by the Lagthing or passed by the Storthing in joint session, it shall be sent to the King, with a request for his approval.

ARTICLE 78. If the King approve the measure, he shall affix his signature thereto, whereby it becomes a law. If he disapprove the same, he shall return it to the Odelsthing with the statement that for the time being he does not find it expedient to approve the same, in which case the measure shall not be again submitted to the King at the same session of the Storthing.

ARTICLE 79. If a measure has been passed without amendment by three regular Storthings, convened after three separate and successive elections, and separated from each other by not less than two intervening regular Storthings, and no law in conflict therewith having in the meantime, from the first to the last passage, been passed by any Storthing, and the measure is then presented to the King with the request that his Majesty will not refuse his approval to a measure which the Storthing, after the most mature consideration, deem beneficial, it shall become a law notwithstanding the King fails to approve the same before the adjournment of the Storthing.

ARTICLE 80. The Storthing may remain in session as long as it deems necessary. When, after having finished its proceedings, it is adjourned by the King, he shall communicate to it his action upon the measures passed, (see § § 77-79) by approving or rejecting the same. All measures not expressly approved by him, shall be deemed rejected.

ARTICLE 81. All laws (except those passed pursuant to § 79) shall be promulgated in the name of the King, and under the Seal of the Kingdom of Norway, in the following words:

"We,-N. N.-make known that there has this day been presented to us an Act of the Storthing of the following tenor: (here follows the Act) which we have accepted and approved and hereby accept and approve, as law, under our hand and the seal of the State."

ARTICLE 82. Repealed July 7, 1913.

ARTICLE 83. The Storthing shall have the right to procure the opinion of the Supreme Court upon judicial subjects.

ARTICLE 84. The Storthing shall sit in open session, and its proceedings shall be printed and published, except in cases otherwise determined by a majority vote.

ARTICLE 85. Whoever shall obey a command, the purpose of which is to interfere with the freedom and safety of the Storthing, is guilty of treason against his country.

D. THE JUDICIAL POWER.

ARTICLE 86. The members of the Lagthing, together with the Supreme Court (but if the members of the Lagthing or of the Supreme court exceed in number respectively thirty-one and nine, then, by lot, thirty members of the Lagthing and its president, and eight members of the Supreme court and its presiding justice) shall constitute the Court of Impeachment, which shall try, without appeal, cases instituted by the Odelsthing against members of the Ministry and members of the Supreme Court for malfeasance in office, and against members of the Storthing for offences committed by them in their official capacity. The President of the Lagthing shall preside in the Court of Impeachment.

ARTICLE 87. The accused may, without cause, challenge as many as one-third of the members of the Court of Impeachment, provided, however, that the court shall not consist of less than fifteen members.

ARTICLE 88. The Supreme Court shall be the tribunal of last resort, but limitation of admission of cases before the court may be made by law.

The Supreme Court shall consist of a presiding justice and at least six associate justices.

ARTICLE 89. In military cases the Supreme Court shall be augmented by two high military officers appointed by the King.

ARTICLE 90. The decisions of the Supreme Court shall in no case be appealed.

ARTICLE 91. No one shall be appointed a member of the Supreme Court before he is thirty years of age.

E. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

ARTICLE 92. Public offices shall be filled only by Norwegian citizens who speak the language of the country, and:

a) Who are born within the realm of parents who then were citizens of the country; or

b) Who are born in foreign countries of Norwegian parents, not citizens of another nation; or

c) Who shall hereafter reside ten years within the realm; or d) Who shall be naturalized by the Storthing.

Persons without these qualifications may however, be appointed instructors in the university and the higher schools, and consuls in foreign places.

No person shall be appointed a high magistrate before he is thirty years of age, nor an inferior judge, magistrate, or tax collector before he is twenty-five years of age.

Only persons who profess the established religion of the State can be members of the Ministry. Rules governing the public offices in this respect shall be prescribed by law.

To what extent women who possess the qualifications for holding public office required of men under this constitution may be appointed to such offices shall be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 93. Repealed, November 18, 1905.

ARTICLE 94. Measures shall be taken to enact, at the next regular Storthing, or if this is not possible, at the following one, a new general civil and criminal code. In the meantime the existing laws of the State shall remain in force so far as they are not in conflict with this Constitution or temporary ordinances meanwhile issued. Permanent taxes now existing shall continue as levied until the next Storthing.

ARTICLE 95. No dispensations, writs of protection, or letters of respite or reparation, shall be granted after the new general code takes effect.

ARTICLE 96. No one shall be tried except pursuant to law, nor punished except pursuant to judgment. Examination by means of torture is prohibited.

ARTICLE 97. No law shall be given retroactive effect.

ARTICLE 98. Fees paid to officials of Courts of Justice shall not be subject to any state tax.

ARTICLE 99. No one shall be arrested except in cases and manner prescribed by law. Whoever causes an unauthorized arrest, or unlawful detention, shall be answerable there for to the person confined. The government shall have no right to employ military force against the citizens otherwise than pursuant to law, except in the case of an assembly disturbing the public peace and not immediately dispersing after the civil magistrate has three times audibly read to them the articles in the public code relating to riot.

ARTICLE 100. The liberty of the press shall remain inviolate. No one shall be punished for any writing, printed or published, irrespective of its contents, unless he has intentionally and openly manifested or urged others to manifest, disobedience to the laws, contempt for religion, morality, and the constitutional authorities, or resistance to the commands of the same, or has made false and

defamatory charges against any person. Every person shall be permitted to express freely his opinion upon the administration of public affairs, or on any other subject whatsoever.

ARTICLE IOI. New and permanent restrictions of industrial pursuits shall not be granted to anyone hereafter.

ARTICLE 102. Domiciliary visits shall not be permitted except in criminal cases.

ARTICLE 103. No sanctuary shall be allowed to persons who hereafter become bankrupt.

ARTICLE 104. Estates of inheritance, or distributive shares, shall in no case be subject to confiscation.

ARTICLE 105. If public necessity requires any person to relinquish his real or personal property for public use, he shall receive full compensation therefor from the State Treasury.

ARTICLE 106. The proceeds as well as the income of church estates shall be devoted exclusively to the benefit of the church and the promotion of education. The property of charitable institutions shall be devoted exclusively to their use.

ARTICLE 107. Allodial tenure and statutory entailment shall not be abolished; but the conditions under which-for the good of the state and the advantage of the people-the same shall continue, shall be prescribed by the next or the following Storthing.

ARTICLE 108. No Earldoms, Baronies, or entailed manorial estates, shall hereafter be established.

ARTICLE 109. Every citizen, without regard to birth or fortune, shall, without exception, render military service to his country for a certain time. The application of this rule and the limitations to be placed on it shall be regulated by law.

ARTICLE IIO. The reserve fund or the State, amounting to forty million crowns, may be used exclusively for the prevention of danger to the Commonwealth, or for assistance in cases of widespread disaster in the country. The reserve fund shall be managed under rules prescribed by the Storthing.

ARTICLE III. The form and colors of the Norwegian flag shall be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 112. If experience demonstrates that any part of this Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway requires amendment, the proposition there for shall be presented at the first or second regular Storthing, succeeding an election, and notice thereof shall be given by publication; but no action shall be taken thereon until the first or second regular Storthing succeeding the next election. Such amendment shall not contravene the principles of this Constitution, and shall only relate to such modifications in single provisions as will not change the spirit of this Constitution, and shall be concurred in by two-thirds of the Storthing.